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Monthly Archives: October 2013

Índice

A. Acrónimos 1
Sumário Executivo 2
B. Introdução e apresentação das actividades desenvolvidas 3
C. Metodologia 5
D. Enquadramento de monitoria e avaliação no âmbito do QI 6
E. Projectos implementados 7
1.0 Projecto de Consultoria para o Quadro Integrado “Trade Specialist” 7
1.1 Informação do Projecto 7
1.2 Preponente 7
1.3 Objectivos 8
1.4 Actividades 9
1.5 Resultados esperados 9
1.6 Implementação 9
1.7 Avaliação 10
2.0 Projecto de Assistência Financeira para aquisição de equipamento laboratorial e capacitação de pessoal 11
2.1 Informação do Projecto 11
2.2 Preponente 12
2.3 Objectivos 12
2.4 Actividades 12
2.5 Resultados esperados 13
2.6 Implementação 13
2.7 Avaliação 13
3.0 Projecto de Monitoramento de pescado para os mercados nacionais, regionais e internacionais (pesquisas laboratoriais e legislação) 14
3.1 Informação do Projecto 14
3.2 Preponente 14
3.3 Objectivos 14
3.4 Actividades 15
3.5 Resultados 15
3.6 Implementação 15
3.7 Avaliação 16
4.0 Projecto Assistência Financeira para a Produção da 3º Edição do manual do Exportador 16
4.1 Informação do Projecto 16
4.2 Preponente 17
4.3 Objectivos 17
4.4 Actividades 17
4.5 Resultados esperados 17
4.6 Implementação 18
4.7 Avaliação 18
5.0 Projecto de Produção de Normas 18
5.1 Informação do Projecto 18
5.2 Preponente 19
5.3 Objectivos 20
5.4 Actividades 20
5.5 Resultados 20
5.6 Implementação 21
5.7 Avaliação 21
6.0 Projecto de Capacitação de Técnicos no Uso de Equipamento de Laboratório e Métodos Analíticos 21
6.1 Informação do Projecto 21
6.2 Preponente 22
6.3 Objectivos 22
6.4 Actividades 23
6.5 Resultados esperados 23
6.6 Implementação 23
6.7 Avaliação 24
7.0 Projecto Produção e Melhoramento de Estatísticas de Comércio Externo 24
7.1 Informação do Projecto 24
7.2 Preponente 25
7.3 Objectivos 25
7.4 Actividades 25
7.5 Resultados esperados 25
7.6 Implementação 26
7.7 Avaliação 26
F. Impactos dos projectos e Lições Aprendidas 27
G. Conclusões e recomendações 28
H. Resumo da avaliação 30
I. Referências bibliográficas 31
J. Pessoas entrevistadas e responsáveis da implementação dos projectos 32
J. Ficha de entrevistas 33
Anexo I (Projecto Consultoria para o Quadro Integrado)
Anexo II (Projecto de Assistência Financeira para aquisição de equipamento laboratorial e capacitação do pessoal)
Anexo III (Projecto de Monitoria de pescado para os mercados nacionais, regionais e internacional)
Anexo IV (Projecto Manual de Operador de Comércio Externo)
Anexo V (Projecto Produção de Normas)
Anexo VI (Projecto de Capacitação de Técnicos no uso de Equipamento de Laboratório e Métodos Analíticos)
Anexo VII (Projecto de Produção e Melhoramento de Estatísticas de Comércio Externo)

A. Acrónimos

DF Doador Facilitador
DRI Direcção das Relações Internacionais
DTIS Estudo de Diagnóstico da Integração do Comércio
EIF/QIR Reinforced Integrated Framework/Quadro Integrado Reforçado
ES Secretariado Executivo
CII Comité Inter Institucional de Comércio
FP Ponto Focal
IF/QI Integrated Framework/Quadro Integrado
IFSC Comité de Direcção do Quadro Integrado
ITC Centro de Comércio Internacional
LDC/PMAs Least Developed Countries/Países Menos Avançados
LPAC Comité Local de Apreciação dos Projectos
MINAG Ministério da Agricultura
MIC Ministério da Indústria e Comércio
MITRAB Ministério do Trabalho
NIA Quadro Nacional de Implementação
NIU Unidade Nacional de Implementação
NSC Comité Nacional de Direcção
PARPA Plano de Acção de Redução da Pobreza
PRS Plano de Redução da Pobreza
RT Mesa Redonda/Round Tabke
SPS Medidas Sanitárias e Fitossanitárias
TAC Comité de Avaliação
TFM Gestor do Fundo Global
UE União Europeia
UTRESPO Unidade de Reestruturação do Sector Publico
UNCTAD Conferência das Nações Unidas para Comércio e Desenvolvimento
PNUD/UNDP Programas das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento
OMC Organização Mundial de Comércio

Sumário Executivo

Os projectos implementados pelos sectores contribuíram no aumento da capacidade de gestão administrativa e programática dos intervenientes do desenvolvimento. Sendo assim, os sectores do governo, o sector privado e a sociedade civil, ficou claro que o comércio não era apenas assunto do Ministério da Indústria e Comércio mas sim da responsabilidade de todos os membros do Comité Inter Institucional de Comércio.
Contudo, houve dificuldades em encontrar recursos humanos capazes de apoiar devidamente os sectores a desenharem projectos relacionados com o comércio e ainda apoiar a capacitação em termos de negociações de comércio e assuntos relacionados.
Os projectos implementados pelo INE e IPEX criaram sinergias por terem sido executados multi sectorialmente com entidades tais como, Alfândegas, Banco Central, MADER, MIC, Câmara de Comércio de Moçambique, agentes de despacho e financeiros, o que reforçou o carácter abragente do programa que é governado por uma entidade que reúne instituições de governo, sector privado, sociedade civil, academia e parceiros internacionais, chamado Comité Inter Institucional para o Comércio.
Os projectos implementados pelo Ministério das Pescas / Instituto Nacional de Inspecção de Pescado tornaram possível realizar análises de metais pesados a nível nacional retirando desta forma custos em moeda convertível que era aplicado para este tipo de actividade. E ainda produzir legislação para o controle higiene sanitário dos produtos alimentares de origem aquática e Estes projectos permitiram que se fossem mobilizados e adicionados mais recursos para a expansão do laboratório disponibilizados pela DFID e NORAD complementado assim, os projectos financiados pelo IF.
Os projectos do INNOQ tiveram bons resultados porém estão alinhados com outras iniciativas financiado por outros doadores.
O projecto do MIC não foi integralmente implementado e o do INE não teve continuidade para além do financiamento.
O projecto Manual de Operador de Comércio Externo, apesar de ter sido multi sectorial foi o projecto mais fraco. E a consulta do produto resultante do projecto se revela vertical o que impossibilita o acesso através de uma escolha especifica de um instrumento.
B. Introdução e apresentação das actividades desenvolvidas no QI

O presente documento é um relatório de avaliação dos projectos financiados pelo Quadro Integrado (QI/IF) em Moçambique. Trata-se de um relatório de consultoria que tem como objectivo avaliar a planificação, monitoria, implementação e impactos dos 7 projectos ”janela 2” para melhor orientar os futuros projectos de comércio e assuntos relacionados com o comércio.
Moçambique implementou o programa do Quadro Integrado entre 2005-2010, que se materializou através da execução de 7 projectos. A implementação dos projectos foi possível, depois da realização do Estudo Diagnóstico para Integração do Comércio (DTIS) em Setembro 2004 e a elaboração da Matriz de Acção. Para facilitar a implementação do Quadro Integrado, o Governo de Moçambique reforçou o Comité Inter-Institucional para o Comércio . Foi designado o MIC/DRI como Ponto Focal e com a função de supervisionar a implementação do Quadro Integrado e assistir os sectores na identificação e na elaboração de projectos de acordo com a Matriz de Acção aprovada.
No mesmo período foram apresentados 12 projectos, dos quais somente 7 foram aprovados e implementados:
1) Ministério da Indústria e Comércio / Direcção de Relações Internacionais (MIC/DRI) – Projecto de Consultoria para a Quadro Integrado;

2) Ministério das Pescas /Instituto Nacional de Inspecção de Pescado (MP/INIP) – Assistência Financeira para aquisição de laboratório e capacitação do pessoal;

3) Ministério das Pescas /Instituto Nacional de Inspecção de Pescado (MP/INIP) – “Monitoramento” de pescado para mercados nacionais, regionais e internacionais (pesquisas laboratoriais e legislação);

4) Instituto de Promoção das Exportações (IPEX) – Manual do Operador do Comércio Externo;

5) Instituto Nacional de Normalização e Qualidade (INNOQ) – Produção de Normas;

6) Instituto Nacional de Normalização e Qualidade (INNOQ) – Capacitação de Técnicos no Uso de Equipamento de Laboratório e Método Analíticos; e

7) Instituto Nacional de Estatística (INE) – Produção e Melhoramento de Estatísticas do Comércio Externo.

Os projectos acima foram considerados mais adequados devido a sua ligação com o comércio. Apesar disso, pode-se constatar neste relatório ou mesmo analisando os projectos em anexo e o guião de orientação, que o desenho dos projectos teve muitas lacunas, pois questões importantes foram deixados de lado tais como sustentabilidade, monitoria e avaliação. A articulação da sustentabilidade foi deixado de lado e as recomendações de ligar a monitoria e avaliação com as estratégias contra a pobreza foi trocado com a modalidade NEX da UNDP.

O NEX obrigava os sectores a apresentar relatório de execução em cada 3 meses, o que fazia com que os sectores, exercessem esforços redobrados para executarem os projectos e relatarem. Tendo em conta que os mesmos não tinham provimento para contratar pessoal ligado apenas aos projectos. Esta situação, resultou em problemas de desembolsos e difícil relacionamento entre os sectores e a PNUD.

Os 5 projectos foram submetidos mas não financiados:

1) MIC/UTRESP – Capacitação Institucional dos Balcões Únicos

2) Coligação para a Justiça Económica – Monitoria do Impacto do Comércio na Redução da Pobreza em Moçambique;

3) Ministério da Industria e Comércio / Direcção de Relações Internacionais (MIC/DRI) – – Mozambique Investment Profile Review;

4) Ministério de Trabalho (MITRAB) – Reciclagem de Inspectores de Trabalho; e

5) Ministério de Trabalho (MITRAB) – Formação de Inspectores em Língua Inglesa

As 2 propostos submetidas pelo MITRAB, não foram aprovados, sucessivamente, devido ao não aprovação da então nova Lei de Trabalho e a fraca ligação com o DTIS.
Quanto ao projecto do MIC/UTRESPO, por ter se considerado que havia uma duplicação deste projecto com outros que os parceiros já estavam a apoiar.
O projecto da Coligação para a Justiça Económica , – Monitoria do Impacto do Comércio na Redução da Pobreza em Moçambique – ainda que o mesmo tenha sido considerado importante, concluiu-se que não fazia sentido um projecto de avaliação de resultados de um programa ainda por iniciar. O que revelou o pouco conhecimento da importância da monitoria e avaliação do QI, e que é recomendado pelo DTIS.
Relativamente ao projecto do MIC-DRI – Mozambique Investment Profile Review – foi referido que apesar da sua importância, estava fora do princípio de “quick-wins”, uma filosofia que tinha sido definida no início da implementação da primeira fase do QI. Porém, em 2010-2011 a UNCTAD em cooperação com o Centro de Promoção de Investimentos (CPI) realizou o Mozambique Investment Policy Review que foi publicado em 2012, colmatando desta forma aquele projecto.

C. Metodologia

Escolheu-se e aplicou-se uma metodologia centrada numa abordagem estruturada e verificável com base nas perguntas da ficha de entrevistas, constatações da natureza dos projectos, relatórios e apanhados o que orientou a análise, as conclusões e recomendações. Esta abordagem se liga aos critérios de avaliação específicos de relevância, eficiência (seus resultados e impactos), eficácia, sustentabilidade, tendo em conta as percepções, fontes quantitativas e qualitativas.

Nesta avaliação, o projecto é considerando eficiente pelo facto de ter produzido determinados impactos na redução da pobreza, enquanto que a dimensão de eficácia é a produção de resultados desejados no projecto.

A dimensão de relevância considerado a sua ligação com o Matriz do DTIS.
Um projecto é considerado sustentável se tiver articulado a dimensões de sustentabilidade e sinergias. A sustentabilidade no desenho do projecto em primeiro lugar e seguidamente se houverem elementos de resultados do projecto forem duradoiros.

Tratando-se da planificação, o desenho de projecto, monitoria e implementação como ciclo da vida de projectos avaliou-se como é que o projecto decorreu sobretudo na interacção entre a instituição que implementa, gestores do programa (QI), representante de doadores e demais intervenientes.

D. Enquadramento de monitoria e avaliação no âmbito do QI

A monitoria é um processo regular e mandatário para todos os projectos financiados pelo QI. Tem ainda como objectivo acompanhar as actividades dos projectos e assegurar que os recursos dos projectos sejam usados de forma a atingirem os resultados pretendidos.
A presente avaliação foi prevista não só pelos sectores que prepararam e submeteram projectos, mas também pelo próprio DTIS. Tendo em conta que um dos principais objectivos do IF é a integração do comércio na estratégia contra pobreza (PARPA), obriga a um mecanismo de avaliação do progresso de uma forma regular, prevê uma responsabilização na avaliação dos resultados. Mais importante ainda, garante que as decisões sobre a política comercial sejam avaliadas em termos da sua contribuição à redução da pobreza, e não em relação a interesses ou pressões restritos.
A monitoria e avaliação dos 7 projectos financiados pelo fundo do QI previa usar a modalidade NEX (National Execution) da PNUD, tendo como base, os planos de trabalho, relatórios financeiros e relatório anual a serem preparados e submetidos.

E. Projectos implementados

Os 7 projectos implementados foram apresentados por 5 instituições nomeadamente MIC/DRI, INE, INIP, INNOQ e IPEX. Enquanto que o DRI é um órgão do MIC o INNOQ e o IPEX são instituições mandatadas pelo MIC, o INIP é mandatado pelo Ministério das Pescas e o INE tem um estatuto independente e assiste o Conselho dos Ministros.

1.0 Projecto de Consultoria para o Quadro Integrado “Trade Specialist”
1.1 Informação do Projecto

O projecto de Consultoria para o Quadro Integrado foi submetido e implementado pelo MIC/DRI.
Valor USD 100,760
Implementado entre: Outubro/2006 e Dezembro 2008
O projecto de consultoria “Trade Specialist” surgiu devido a necessidade de criar capacidades no MIC e ao Ponto Focal do QI para melhor desempenhar as funções atribuídas no âmbito do QI. A iniciativa foi apresentado e aprovado pelos membros do LPAC a 14 de Dezembro 2005 e revisto a 30 de Outubro de 2006 e previa a contratação de um consultor sénior de comércio internacional.

1.2 Preponente
Ministério da Industria e Comércio Direcção das Relações Internacionais (MIC/DRI)

O Ministério da Industria e Comércio é um órgão central do aparelho do Estado que, de acordo com os princípios, objectivos e tarefas definidos pelo Governo, tutela e faz a supervisão os seguintes ramos da economia nacional: indústria alimentar e de bebidas; indústria têxtil e de vestuário, calçado e couro; indústria química; indústria metalúrgica; Indústria metalo-mecânica; electrotecnia; artes gráficas e publicação; distribuição, manutenção e assistência técnica ao equipamento industrial; indústria ligeira; comércio; e prestação de serviços.
A Direcção de Relações Internacionais, é uma unidade orgânica do Ministério da Indústria e Comércio, responsável pela elaboração, execução, avaliação e monitoria dos programas e projectos de relações económicas internacionais no domínio da indústria e comércio.
São atribuições da Direcção de Relações Internacionais: elaborar, implementar, coordenar e orientaras políticas e estratégias de cooperação no domínio da indústria e comércio a nível bilateral, regional e multilateral; reforçar a participação e representação do país nos organismos regionais e internacionais; participar nos processos negociais sobre a área da indústria e comércio; promover e coordenar as relações comerciais multilaterais no domínio da indústria e comércio; e identificar e mobilizar fundos (Fundo Comum, Aid for Trade, Quadro Integrado) e coordenar a sua implementação;

1.3 Objectivos

O projecto de consultoria tinha como objectivo de assistir o Governo a dois diferentes níveis, de uma lado apoiar a criação do Comité Inter Institucional do IF e na sequência, implementar o projecto proposto. Ao mesmo tempo iria prestar assistência na formulação e solidificação das posições nas negociações dos EPAs (Acordos de Parceria Económica).
O projecto contava ainda com os seguintes objectivos específicos: consolidar a implementação do projecto IF; aumentar a capacidade do MIC em lidar com os assuntos de comércio internacional; providenciar contribuições e consolidar estudos para os futuros mecanismos de financiamento do programa IF; assistir e consolidar os grupos de trabalho que serão o suporte do CII; e facilitar o diálogo entre os diferentes intervenientes (sector publico, sector privado e sociedade civil).

1.4 Actividades

Assistência ao IF incluía o seguinte: apoiar a implementação da Matriz do DTIS, desenvolvimento dos projectos e ligação com os doadores; identificar os projectos a serem implementados; prestar apoio no desenho dos termos de referência para a sua implementação; assistir tecnicamente o secretariado e os grupos de trabalho; assistir e consolidar o Comité Inter Institucional; assegurar a ligação e a fluxo de conhecimento com a sede do IF em Genebra e apoiar os encontros e visitas dos órgãos do IF; consolidar os grupos de trabalho do IF; e organizar os grupos de trabalho para apresentar o quadro do IF e a situação dos projectos a meio termo para os principais intervenientes do IF se apropriado.
A assistência para o desenho dos documentos dos projectos da janela II do IF, incluía: providenciar contributos para o desenho de projectos; assistir na preparação de todos os documentos necessário para os projectos no âmbito do IF; e servir de conselheiro para a implementação dos projectos do IF.
Por fim, o consultor recrutado prestou assessoria na identificação e preparação de projectos de acordo com a Matriz de Acção; na institucionalização do funcionamento do QIR e no desenho de mecanismos de monitoria e avaliação do programa.

1.5 Resultados esperados

Assim, o “Trade Specialist” ajudou na consolidação da iniciativa do QI através da ligação com os doadores e sectores identificados na Matriz de Acção do QI, bem como assessoria na elaboração dos projectos e na implementação dos projectos aprovados.

1.6 Implementação

Houve atraso do arranque do projecto uma vez que havia dificuldades em se encontrar candidatos com o perfil determinado nos termos de referência. Assim, houve necessidade de reformular a versão inicial e no lugar de se contratar um consultor optou-se por contratar-se dois consultores que se complementariam na execução do trabalho e isto só foi possível em Outubro de 2006. Contudo, uma das pessoas viria a desvincular-se do acordo celebrado com o MIC mesmo antes de iniciar com as funções. O assistente administrativo previsto no projecto não chegou de ser contratado.
Parte do trabalho do projecto foi implementado pela equipa de MIC/DRI enquanto se realizava o processo de contratação. O projecto MIC – Trade Specialist terminou em Outubro de 2007. Mas o consultor com quem o MIC havia celebrado o contracto apresentou um pedido para terminar com o seu contrato com efeitos a partir de 31 de Julho de 2007.
Desde então até a data de hoje que toda actividade de assistência ao quadro integrado está sendo feita pela equipa da DRI encarregue de assistir o Ponto Focal do QI, daí a necessidade da prorrogação do projecto de consultoria até Dezembro de 2008 e sua renovação para os anos seguintes enquanto durar a iniciativa do QI.
A renovação e contratação do consultor iria permitir os sectores com projectos em curso pudessem ser assistidos tecnicamente, o que é necessária para o re início; também permitiu a medição da primeira fase do Quadro Integrado, os resultados conseguidos e o seu impacto no crescimento económico e na redução da pobreza.

1.7 Avaliação

Eficiência, impactos e relevância – O projecto foi eficiente por ter apoiado o programa QI até o presente momento. O projecto surgiu tendo em conta a necessidade de apoiar o programa QI sendo relevante e com impacto positivo por suportar o programa QI.
Eficácia – O projecto, porém não foi eficaz por não ter atingido os resultados pretendidos sobretudo a não implementação da componente de apoio as negociações dos Acordos de Parceria Económica (EPAs).
Sustentabilidade – O projecto não foi implementado na integra por isso não é sustentável.
Planificação, Desenho de Projecto, Monitoria e implementação – A vida deste projecto foi interrompida, por isso, as dimensões de planificação, desenho do projecto, monitoria, implementação e impactos não se efectivaram, apesar disso as actividades do projecto foram asseguradas pela DRI, mesmo assim, não se pode aferir estas dimensões.

2.0 Projecto de Assistência Financeira para aquisição de equipamento laboratorial e capacitação de pessoal
2.1 Informação do Projecto

O projecto de Assistência Financeira para aquisição de equipamento laboratorial e capacitação do pessoal

Projecto Valor USD 137,090
Implementado entre: Fevereiro/2006 e Fevereiro 2007

O projecto se insere na matriz do DTIS nº 21 e 22 Cumprimento da qualidade e standards do SPS para assegurar o acesso ao mercado internacional; e melhorar o acesso do mercados dos produtos pesqueiros nacionais.
A falta de equipamento específico para a determinação dos metais pesados, histaminas e pesticidas dificultava o cumprimento antecipado e na íntegra do papel do INIP, complicando a avaliação dos níveis de contaminação, segurança do pescado e dos produtos de aquacultura para que possa respeitar as exigências do mercado internacional.
Foi devido a estas circunstâncias, que este projecto foi identificado não só apenas para a aquisição e instalação do equipamento laboratorial, mas também a capacitação do pessoal para que possa por sua vez satisfazer os standards e regulamentos e implementar os métodos analíticos necessários.
Trata-se de um projecto de aquisição de equipamento laboratorial e capacitação de pessoal em analises laboratorial e analíticos de forma a poderem usar o equipamento adquirido e se avaliar níveis de contaminação dos produtos pesqueiros, material de processamento e meio ambiente.

2.2 Preponente

Ministério das Pescas
Instituto Nacional de Inspecção do Pescado

Uma da tarefas do Ministério das Pescas é de salvaguardar o acesso dos produtos pesqueiros ao mercado e para que esta tarefa seja satisfeita, o Ministério das Pescas, criou o Instituto de Inspecção de Pescado que por sua vez monitora a qualidade e a segurança dos produtos pesqueiros.
O INIP é responsável de administrar 3 laboratórios no sul, centro e norte do pais. Como parte da sua missão de promover a aplicação de standards nacionais e internacionais no processamento dos produtos pesqueiros, sobretudo, no que diz respeito aqueles exigidos pela UE e outros países desenvolvidos. Estes laboratórios têm o papel fundamental de apoiar os programas de inspecção regulares de pescado bem como providenciar serviços analíticos para o sector pesqueiro.

2.3 Objectivos

Os objectivos do projecto incluíam a instalação o equipamento laboratorial e aplicação de métodos para analisar os metais pesados, histaminas e pesticidas de forma a respeitar as exigências do mercado internacional, capacitação os técnicos no uso do equipamento laboratorial e métodos analíticos e estabelecer o conhecimento sobre o maneio das opções do SPS.

2.4 Actividades

As actividade do projecto foram de aquisição de equipamento laboratorial para analisar metais pesado e histaminas e bem como a aquisição de conhecimento para o uso do mesmo equipamento.

2.5 Resultados esperados

Como resultado, o INIP melhorou o processo de inspecção tornando os exportadores capazes de processar os testes do SPS no país possível reduzindo os recursos e o tempo que eram aplicáveis a esta prática.
O projecto produziu conhecimento que esta a ser usado na promoção de atracção dos investimentos.
O projectos teve os seguintes resultados, melhoria do acesso ao mercado dos produtos moçambicanos demonstrado pelo facto de que em 2010 as exportações atingiram 11.959,13 toneladas contra as 11.220,40 de todo o ano de 2009, isto é, um aumento de 738,73 toneladas, em termos absolutos, equivalentes à taxa de crescimento de 7%.

2.6 Implementação

Com a aquisição de equipamento para o laboratório o INIP foi capaz de atrair financiamento adicional para expandir as instalações laboratoriais através do apoio do DFID e a NORAD complementado desta forma o projecto financiado pelo IF.

2.7 Avaliação

Eficiência, impactos e relevância – o projecto foi eficiente por ter contribuído para um impacto positivo que é o acesso ao mercados dos produtos pesqueiros e relevante devido a sua ligação com a Matriz do DTIS
Eficácia – o projecto foi eficaz por ter cumprido com os seus objectivos principais.
Sustentabilidade – a dimensão de sustentabilidade não foi articulada no desenho do projecto. E tendo em conta a natureza do projecto de fornecimento de equipamento, a sua sustentabilidade pode ser medido pela sua vida útil, capacidade de reposição e manutenção, enquanto, que a capacitação do pessoal e o numero limitado do pessoal capacitado torna o projecto não sustentável e desenho do projecto fraco.
Planificação, Monitoria e implementação – Devido ao sucesso do projecto as dimensões de planificação, monitoria, implementação e seus impactos foram positivos, sobretudo o acesso ao mercado dos produtos pesqueiros.

3.0 Projecto de Monitoramento de pescado para os mercados nacionais, regionais e internacionais (pesquisas laboratoriais e legislação)
3.1 Informação do Projecto

Projecto de Monitoramento de pescado para os mercados nacionais, regionais e internacionais (pesquisas laboratoriais e legislação)
Valor USD 103,900
Implementado entre: Junho/2008 e Maio 2010
Este projecto, também se insere na matriz do DTIS no 21 e 22 Cumprimento da qualidade e standards do SPS para assegurar o acesso ao mercado internacional; e melhorar o acesso do mercados dos produtos pesqueiros nacionais.

3.2 Preponente
Instituto Nacional de Inspecção do Pescado

3.3 Objectivos

Os principais objectivos do projecto era de fazer um estudo a escala nacional sobre a ocorrência e a observação dos metais pesados, histaminas de forma a assegurar a qualidade da exportação dos produtos marinhos e desenhar novo regulamento para o moluscos com vista a diversificação das exportações.

3.4 Actividades

O projecto contava com as seguintes actividades: deslocação aos locais de recolha de amostras de metais pesados; colheita de amostras; compra de material para colheita de amostras e fornecimento do laboratório; consultoria; análises e publicações
Algumas atividades tiveram que ser alteradas o que ocorreu processo de implementação das atividades previstas para o quarto trimestre de 2007, a saber: a visita ao locais planificado para amostragem de metais pesados e as coleta dos dados.
De salientar que certas das atividades programadas para o período em referência iniciaram sem necessidade de intervenção financeira foram realizadas antes da disponibilizarão dos fundos.

3.5 Resultados

O projecto tinha como resultados o protecção da saúde do consumidor; criação de uma confiança dos consumidores ao assegurar e providenciar a alta qualidade dos produtos marinhos; e melhorar a imagem da industria.

3.6 Implementação

O processo de implementação das atividades planificadas deparou-se com algumas dificuldades entre as quais o não recrutamento do especialista devido a falta de concorrentes e o aumento dos preços.

3.7 Avaliação

Eficiência, impactos e relevância – O projecto foi eficiente por ter produzido normas, porém o seu impacto não pode ser determinado pela avaliação, mesmo assim, é projecto relevante por estar inserido na matriz do DTIS.
Eficácia – O projecto foi eficaz por ter cumprido com o seu objectivo principal que é a produção e promulgação de legislação hígio-sanitário
Sustentabilidade – É um projecto sustentável, porque o resultado principal são regulamentos duradoiros para serem usado pelos utentes.
Planificação, Monitoria e implementação – Devido aos resultados do projecto as dimensões de planificação, monitoria, implementação e impactos foram positivos.

4.0 Projecto Assistência Financeira para a Produção da 3º Edição do manual do Exportador
4.1 Informação do Projecto

Projecto Assistência Financeira para a Produção da 3º Edição do Manual do Exportador
Valor USD 49,000
Implementado entre: Agosto 2006 e Dezembro 2006

O IPEX verificou que devido a dinâmica de comércio internacional, necessitava produzir e reproduzir o primeiro manual de comércio para melhor orientar os investidores e companhias nas suas operações de comércio externo.
Tendo como consideração o número 33 da Matriz de Acção do DTIS, diversificação dos produtos e mercado – melhoria da compreensão das exigências e oportunidades relacionados com os acordos regionais e preferenciais de comércio o IPEX propôs o projecto do Manual do Operador do Comércio Externo.

4.2 Preponente

O Instituto de Promoção das Exportações (IPEX) é uma unidade sócio-económica com fins não lucrativos, criado em 1990, com objectivo de impulsionar e coordenar a execução de medidas e políticas que visem o desenvolvimento das exportações moçambicanas.

4.3 Objectivos

O objectivo deste projecto era de produzir 4000 exemplares do Manual sendo 3000 em CD ROM e 1000 em “hardcopy”.

4.4 Actividades

O projecto previa a contratação de um consultor para fazer o levantamento, a analise e preparar a informação relevante para a produção do manual de acordo com os termos de referência.
A monitoria e avaliação foi realizada por um grupo de trabalho coordenado pelo IPEX.

4.5 Resultados esperados

Pretendia-se com este projecto a melhoria do ambiente dos negócios, aumento dos investimentos e redução da corrupção.

4.6 Implementação

A iniciativa orientou-se pelas matérias relacionadas comércio, procedimentos de importações e exportações e pesquisa ao mercado de forma a melhorar o ambiente nacional de negócios, especificamente para as PMAs.
O projecto Manual de Operador de Comércio Externo foi um trabalho multi sectorial que juntou o IPEX, MIC, Câmara de Comercio de Moçambique, Banco Central, Alfandegas, MADER.

4.7 Avaliação

Eficiência, impactos e relevância – O projecto apresentou um produto de difícil acesso por isso não foi eficiente nem relevante, devido fraca ligação com o numero da Matrix de Acção escolhida.
Eficácia – O produto resultante é uma compilação de vários instrumentos sendo ineficaz
Sustentabilidade – o projecto não produziu sinergias e o desenho do projecto não articulou a sustentabilidade, por isso, trata-se de uma projecto não sustentável e com um fraco desenho de projecto.
Planificação, Monitoria e implementação – o projecto é uma lista de compras, sendo assim, as dimensões de planificação, monitoria, implementação e impactos não são aplicáveis.

5.0 Projecto de Produção de Normas
5.1 Informação do Projecto

Projecto de Produção de Normas
Valor USD 147,271.50

Implementado entre: Outubro 2008 e Janeiro 2012
O projecto implementada se inseria nos números 21 e 22 da Matriz de Acção: Alcançar os standard de qualidade para assegurar o acesso ao mercado internacional, melhorar o acesso ao mercado externo dos produtos moçambicanos, e traduzir as normas da SADC e os standards internacionais para a língua portuguesa.

5.2 Preponente

Instituto Nacional de Normalização e Qualidade (INNOQ)

O INNOQ tem como objectivo estabelecer o Sistema Nacional de Qualidade de forma a melhorar a qualidade de produtos e serviços através da Normalização, Certificação, Metrologia e Gestão de Qualidade.

O INNOQ é membro da Organização Internacional de Estandardização (ISO), trabalha com o Grupo de Peritos sobre a Normalização da SADC. Ao mesmo tempo, o INNOQ é o ponto focal do Acordo de Barreiras Técnicas para o comércio (TBT) da OMC. Na área da Metrologia o INNOQ é membro correspondente da Organização Internacional para a Metrologia Legal (OIML)

O INNOQ consciencializa várias instituições sobre a necessidade de introduzir sistemas de qualidade e atingir a certificação. Tendo em conta, a necessidade de apoiar o desenvolvimento industrial e apoiar as exportações o INNOQ implementou o projecto de produção de Normas.

A necessidade de desenvolver uma política de qualidade que conduziria a melhoria da qualidade de vida do cidadão através da satisfação dos seguintes objectivos: protecção e manutenção da saúde e segurança do consumidor; conservação sustentável e protecção ambiental, contribuição para um ambiente condutivo ao desenvolvimento; contribuição no aumento das qualidade dos produtos e das exportações; criação de uma cultura de qualidade e consciencialização; e desenvolvimento do potencial humano.
Tendo sido identificada as circunstâncias acima. E a necessidade de assistência técnica não só no campo da metrologia industrial mas também na metrologia legal e calibração bem como na normalização e procedimentos de avaliação e conformidade.
5.3 Objectivos

O projecto de Produção de Normas tinha como objectivos providenciar assistência técnica no campo da metrologia, sua legalidade e calibração.
Especificamente tinha como objectivos desenvolver e publicar regulamentos standards sobre os seguintes produtos, amêndoa de caju, água, papaia, ananás, manga, litchi, chá, banana, copra, amostras de solo, material de construção, segurança e saúde no trabalho.

5.4 Actividades

As actividade desenvolvidas foram de produção, publicação e disseminação de normas. Foram constituídos grupos de trabalho que organizaram encontros de consulta ao publico e realizaram oficinas de validação das propostas.

5.5 Resultados

O projecto resultou em 24 normas de especificações para a castanha e amêndoa de caju; código de boas praticas para o processamento da castanha de caju e para as árvores de castanhas; código de boas práticas para a prevenção e redução de contaminação de aflotoxinas em árvores de castanhas; código de práticas para a embalagem e transporte de frutas frescas e vegetais; normas para arroz, banana, batata, tomate; código de prática para embalagem e transporte de frutas e vegetais tropicais; código de boas práticas higiénicas para as frutas frescas e vegetais; sistemas de gestão de segurança de alimentos, princípios gerais de higiene de alimentos, chá preto – definição e requisitos básicos, chá – classificação através de análises do tamanho das partículas; chá preto – vocabulário; métodos de amostragem para o chá, lichi – especificações; sistemas de gestão da segurança e saúde no trabalho; avaliação de conformidade, critérios gerais para o funcionamento de diferentes tipos de organizações que executam a inspecção; postes de madeira –tratamento de madeira; postes de madeira – características e dimensões, veículos – dimensões de veículos automóveis, reboque e semi-reboques; e equipamento informático.

5.6 Implementação

Esta iniciativa apoiou a tradução de standards estrangeiros e/ou internacionais para a língua portuguesa; fotocopiar os documentos de trabalho; organizar encontros de comités técnicos; realizar testes laboratoriais, visitas e anúncios; testes de leitura e impressão de standards nacionais; e promover a adopção de diferentes intervenientes.

5.7 Avaliação

Eficiência, impactos e relevância – O projecto foi relevante por ter se complementado com outros projectos cujos seus impactos elevaram a visibilidade da instituição e é relevante por estar inserido na matriz do DTIS.
Eficácia – O projecto foi eficaz por ter atingido os objectivos definidos.
Sustentabilidade e desenho de projecto – Apesar de não te articulado a dimensão de sustentabilidade no seu desenho, o projecto produziu normas sendo assim sustentável mas com um desenho de projecto fraco.
Planificação, Monitoria e implementação – as dimensões de planificação, desenho de projecto, monitoria e implementação ficaram condicionados devido separação dos projectos (os 2 projectos financiados pelo QI).

6.0 Projecto de Capacitação de Técnicos no Uso de Equipamento de Laboratório e Métodos Analíticos
6.1 Informação do Projecto

Valor USD 132,749.90
Implementado entre: Outubro/2008 e Março 2010

O projecto também se inseria nos números 21 e 22 da Matriz de Acção: Alcançar os standard de qualidade para assegurar o acesso ao mercado internacional, melhorar o acesso ao mercado externo dos produtos moçambicanos, e traduzir as normas da SADC e os standards internacionais para a língua portuguesa.
O projecto de Capacitação de Técnicos no Uso de Equipamento de Laboratório e Métodos Analíticos foi criado no âmbito das necessidade de providenciar assistência técnica não só no campo da industria metrologia e nem apenas na metrologia legal e calibração mas bem como a capacitação em normalização em conformidade com os procedimentos de avaliação.

6.2 Preponente

O Instituto Nacional de Normalização e Qualidade (INNOQ) é um instituto público, de âmbito nacional, tutelado pelo Ministério da Indústria e Comércio, dotado de personalidade jurídica e com autonomia administrativa.
O Instituto Nacional de Normalização e Qualidade (INNOQ) foi criado em 1993, pelo Decreto-lei nº 2/93 do Conselho de Ministros, de 24 de Março.
O Instituto Nacional de Normalização e Qualidade (INNOQ) foi criado com o objectivo fundamental de impulsionar e coordenar a Política Nacional da Qualidade, através da concretização das actividades de Normalização, Metrologia, Certificação e Gestão da Qualidade, tendo em vista o desenvolvimento da economia nacional.

6.3 Objectivos

O projecto tinha como objectivos, a capacitação técnica e investimento em infra-estruturas (testes e laboratórios) necessários para o INNOQ; e alcançar as medidas SPS e standards de qualidade para assegurar o acesso aos mercados internacionais.

6.4 Actividades

Concretamente, através da capacitação institucional pretendia-se o seguinte: treinar 2 técnicos de metrologia, um técnico da metrologia legal, treinar cinco técnicos nos procedimentos standards, realizar um seminário de consciencialização sobre os instrumentos de verificação e calibração, capacitar os auditores de qualidade e consciencializar os interveniente sobre a avaliação de conformidade.

6.5 Resultados esperados

A agilização do processo de normalização dos produtos pesqueiros e agrícolas que ao mesmo tempo obedeçam as medidas SPS, exigidas no mercado internacional foi também alcançado através da implementação deste projecto
E ainda melhorou os standards de habilidade de escrita; os comités técnicos de gestão, técnicas de controle de qualidade e a qualidade, segurança e competitividade dos produtos nacionais.
O projecto teve como resultados, o aumento de capacidade na metrologia legal e industrial, a melhoria do conhecimento dos técnicos sobre a estandardização e avaliação
Tendo em conta que o Governo de Moçambique através do INNOQ pretende facilitar o processo certificação fazendo que os exportadores tenham certificados válidos no país a iniciativa visou a redução de custos associados e inerentes à certificação.

6.6 Implementação
(idem 5.6)

6.7 Avaliação

Considera-se o mesmo que foi dito na avaliação do projecto anterior por se tratar de um único projecto mas repartido em 2.
Eficiência e relevância – O projecto foi eficiente por ter se complementado com outras projectos do INNOQ, através dos seus impactos e relevante devido a sua forte ligação com a matriz do DTIS.
Eficácia – O projecto foi eficaz por ter cumprido com os seus objectivos de aumento de capacidade técnica.
Sustentabilidade e desenho de projecto – É um projecto não sustentável, porque o resultado principal aumento de capacidade estava destinado um numero limitado de técnicos e devido a mobilidade a capacidade instalada pode ruir. E ainda, o desenho do projecto é fraco.

Planificação, Monitoria e implementação – Os impactos foram positivos pelo aumento da capacidade técnica. Enquanto que as dimensões de planificação, monitoria e implementação ficaram condicionados devido separação dos projectos (os 2 projectos financiados pelo QI).

7.0 Projecto Produção e Melhoramento de Estatísticas de Comércio Externo
7.1 Informação do Projecto

O Produção e Melhoramento de Estatísticas de Comércio Externo
Valor USD 298,177
Implementado entre: Julho/2006 e Julho 2007
O projecto implementado estava inserido nos números 19 e 47 da Matriz de Acção do DTIS: Melhorar a recolha, disseminação e analise da informação em geral e particularmente os dados estatísticos; e Monitorar o impacto do comércio na pobreza

7.2 Preponente

Instituto Nacional de Estatística (INE) é o órgão do Governo responsável pela compilação e disseminação de estatística, incluindo estatísticas de comércio internacional.

7.3 Objectivos

O objectivo geral deste projecto era de dotar o INE de capacidade de lidar com como os dados de comércio externo em harmonia com os standards internacional.

7.4 Actividades

As actividades do projecto incluíam, a instalação, adopção e assimilação de dados estatísticos totalmente funcionais internacionalmente reconhecidos e acreditados bem como analise de sistemas; produção atempada de estatísticas de comércio precisos numa base mensal e anual; operadores do sistema SAS altamente treinados; e manuais de operação e registo de metodologias standards e de rotina.

7.5 Resultados esperados

O projecto esperava ter os seguintes resultados:
• Harmonização com os Standards internacionais;
• Melhorados dados de estatísticos das alfândegas e do comércio;
• Dados de comércio normalizados entre os sectores;
• Base estatística para o controle monetário (taxas de câmbio) melhoradas, transparentes e mais refinadas bem como a política fiscal, recolha de impostos e a conta nacional da indústria e agricultura;
• Melhorada a habilidade analisar e monitorar praticas desleais de comércio;
• Decisões de política melhoradas bem como a performance a nível micro; e
• Redução de dados irregulares.

7.6 Implementação

Com a implementação deste projecto os sistemas do INE atingiram os standards internacionais através da aquisição de hardware e software e capacitação do pessoal.
Com a implementação do projecto a capacidade institucional foi reforçada com o uso de standards e regulamentos empregues na produção de estatísticas para o comércio externo. Como a capacitação em operação de SPSS melhorou a recolha, tratamento e análise de dados; verificou-se maior eficiência nas técnicas de controle de qualidade e métodos de análise de dados consistentes o que permitiu o reconhecimento internacional do INE. Desta forma, melhorou-se a disseminação e tornou os dados estatísticos mais apurados.
A melhoria da qualidade dos dados e a redução de atrasos da sua disponibilização teria benefícios transversais que ao mesmo tempo levariam a melhoria das decisões políticas e performance dos projectos de nível micro.

7.7 Avaliação

Eficiência, impactos e relevância – A eficiência do projecto foi positivo, porém seu impacto foi momentâneo porque só produziu resultados durante a sua implementação. E trata-se de um projecto relevante por estar inserido do DTIS.
Eficácia – O projecto não foi eficaz porque os seus efeitos não foram para além do tempo da sua implementação.
Sustentabilidade – Pelos motivos atrás mencionados o projecto não é sustentável.
Planificação, Monitoria e implementação – As dimensões de Planificação, Monitoria e Implementação não foram positivas porque logo que o projecto terminou as actividades do mesmo não foram inseridas nas instituições executoras.

F. Impactos gerais e lições apreendidas

Os projectos financiados pelo IF, visavam o aumento de capacidade institucional e de pessoal, sendo assim o MIC/DRI, INIP e o INNOQ bem como o IPEX, este ultimo que implementou um projecto de informação e visibilidade registaram melhorias de performance na prestação de serviços e redução de custos inerentes as suas operações, desta forma os seus impactos directos são positivos.

Os projectos do INIP e do INNOQ, tiveram ainda impactos bastante positivos adicionais, pelo facto de terem conseguido sinergias através de projectos adicionais e de complementaridade, estes últimos apoiado por parceiros bilaterais, o que contribuiu para maior acesso à informação de comércio e investimento; maior acesso ao mercado internacional e a competitividade dos produtos nacionais.

Porém, o impacto dos mesmos projectos é extensível a terceiros, ou seja os que procuram os serviços daquelas instituições. Sendo assim, a medição de impactos a terceiros se revela limitada porque os projectos não colocaram instrumentos que facilitariam tal exercício. E a presente avaliação não tinha provimento para este cobrir esta componente.

Fora daquele quadro, encontra-se o projecto do INE que devido a rotatividade do pessoal da Alfandegas enfrentou dificuldades de continuidade depois do fim do projecto. Este facto, mostra a fraca ligação entre as instituições na responsabilização da planificação e no tratamento dos resultados do projecto que resultou na não incorporação desta actividade no trabalho do pessoal das alfandegas.

O Programa IF em Moçambique no quadro da ajuda ao comércio enfrentou dificuldades, sobretudo de concepção e implementação dos projectos, porém a suas contribuições vieram para ficar. Este relatório analisou os projectos financiados pelo fundo do IF no quadro das sua planificação até a implementação bem como os seus impactos. As lições apreendidas e suas implicações são de importância estratégica para a planificações de futuros programas e projectos de ajuda ao comércio, ou seja:
1. A necessidade de assistir tecnicamente os sectores no ciclo dos projectos no quadro do programa QIR é obvio. Porém, é necessário que seja feito com a consulta ou participação dos todos os beneficiários, dando a todos os intervenientes o papel chave em definir prioridades, planificar, implementar, monitorar e avaliar as iniciativas;
2. Tendo em conta a tendência da redução de ajuda orçamental, os programas temáticos como o QIR, que tem uma abordagem de fundo de apoio dentro do quadro de Ajuda ao Comércio deveriam ser encorajadas e bem implementadas para que a Ajuda ao Comércio seja mais relevante no país;
3. Considerando que os sectores tiveram a tendência de submeter propostas projectos de capacitação, a diversificação deveria ser considerada para o futuro. Desta forma, o apoio ao sector produtivo ou organizações produtivas (cadeia de produção de frutas, vegetais, pescado, oleaginosas, grãos e industrias criativas) deve ser levado em conta para os futuros projectos do QIR como resposta aos desafios da liberalização de comércio e sobretudo da erosão das preferências;
4. Tendo em conta as sinergias criadas e as complementaridade de alguns projectos a planificação, desenho do projecto, implementação, monitoria e avaliação dos futuros projectos do QIR devem incluir a dimensão de continuidade;
5. Houve uma fraca sincronização entre aprovação, desembolso e implementação o que frustrou as expectativas de todos os intervenientes;

G. Conclusões e recomendações

Os projectos implementados pelos sete sectores contribuíram no aumento da capacidade de gestão administrativa e programática de cada uma daqueles sectores e no geral para os intervenientes do desenvolvimento nomeadamente Governo (e seus sectores), sector privado e sociedade civil. O IF contribuiu para que o comércio não seja visto como apenas assunto do Ministério da Indústria e Comércio mas sim da responsabilidade de todos os sectores que lidam com o comércio e assuntos relacionados.
A implementação dos projectos criaram sinergias e complementaridades o que poderá ser uma referência sólida para o QIR. Apesar disso, o seu sucesso foi muito limitado e várias razões terão concorrido para que tal aconteça, foi uma combinação de factores desde o limite financeiro, decisões de gestão do programa, a não implementação do NIU e a fraca apropriação do programa pelos intervenientes
A monitoria e avaliação dos projectos seguiram a modalidade NEX econtrariamente as exigências do IF que estabelece que cada projecto deveria seguir as suas especificidades e o uso de mecanismos locais ligados a estratégia contra a pobreza para escolher a modalidade de revisão e avaliação.
Tendo em conta que a implementação do NEX é um tarefa complexa e difícil, apesar de haver directrizes e orientações de monitoria e avaliação. E tendo em conta que o NEX era e é um processo em contínuo melhoramento tendo em conta que improvisam enquanto diante desafios de implementação práticos, o uso desta modalidade no QIR devia ter sido ser profundamente avaliada.
H. Resumo da avaliação
Eficiência Eficácia Relevância Sustentabilidade Planificação Projecto Monitoria Implementação Impactos
MIC/DRI Afirmativo Não Afirmativo Não Fraco Fraco NEX Fraco Positivo
INIP1 Afirmativo Afirmativo Afirmativo Não determinado Positivo Positivo NEX Positivo Positivo
INIP2 Afirmativo Perfeito Afirmativo Não Positivo Positivo Positivo Registou atraso Por determinar
IPEX Não Não Não Não Muito fraco Muito fraco NEX Muito fraco Por determinar
INNOQ1 Afirmativo Afirmativo Afirmativo Afirmativo Positivo Positivo NEX Positivo Positivo
INNOQ2 Afirmativo Afirmativo Afirmativo Afirmativo Positivo Positivo NEX Positivo Positivo
INE Limitado Não Afirmativo Não Fraco Fraco NEX Fraco Limitados

I. Referências bibliográficas

AfDB (2006), Mozambique 2006-2009, Country Strategy Paper. African Development Bank. Tunis. Tunísia.
CCM, GDM, FDC and G20. 2007. Seminário sobre a Avaliação das Organizações da Sociedade Civil nos Observatórios da Pobreza. Workshop na Beira, 29-30 Março 2007, Not-published.
Cline W.R. (2004). Trade policy and global poverty. Institute for International Economics. Washington, DC. USA.
Enhanced Integrated Framework. http://www.enhancedif.org/
Enhanced Integrated Framework. (2012) Mid-Term Review. SAANA Consulting.
FRANCISCO A., (2007), Poverty Observatory in Mozambique, Final Report.
Plano de Acção de Redução da Pobreza Absoluta 2006/9.www.portaldogoverno.gov.mz/…gov/programa/fo_parpa_2
Relatório Anual INIP (2010). http://www.inip.gov.mz/
Tamele, V. Observatório da Pobreza para Quem? In Notícias 2006.
Tamele, V. Comércio e Pobreza, in Notícias 2007.
UNCTAD, New York/Geneva (2006). The Least Developed Countries. Report 2006, Developing the Productive Capacities. http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/ldc2010_en.pdf
UNCTAD, New York/Geneva (2006). Trade and Development Report, 2006. Global Partnership and National Policies for Development. http://www.unctad.org
UNCTAD, New York/Geneva (2006). UNCTAD Contribution to the Mid-Term Review of the Programme of Action for the LDCs for the Decade 2001-2010. Progress made, Results achieved and Lessons Learned. http://www.unctad.org

J. Pessoas entrevistadas e responsáveis da implementação dos projectos

Agonias Macia Tel. 00258 82025650
Ministério da Indústria e Comércio
Departamento das Relações Internacionais
Ana Timana Tel. 00258 824768750
Ministério das Pescas
Instituto Nacional de Inspecção de Pescado
Benjamin Cesarino Tel. 00258824249160
Instituto Nacional de Normalização e Qualidade
Carlos Riquixo Tel. 00258 829754620
Ministério das Pescas
Instituto Nacional de Inspecção de Pescado
Cirilo Tembe Tel. 00258 827286255
Instituto Nacional de Estatística
Manuel Gaspar Tel. 00258 823012130
Instituto Nacional de Estatística
José Jossias Tel. 00258 823076980
Instituto de Promoção das Exportações
Octávio Franscisco Instituto de Promoção das Exportações

K. Ficha de Perguntas

Perguntas

1. Até aonde os projectos satisfizeram os objectivos do QI?

2. Quais a principais razões do progresso ou da falta da tal satisfação?

3. Se refere as medidas de planeamento, monitoria e avaliação do vosso projecto

4. Que medidas institucionais foram adoptadas e implementadas no quadro da implementação das estratégias relacionados com o comércio?

5. Que elementos de continuidade e sinergias foram realizados?

6. Terão os recursos e os imputs (fundos; tempo e talento dos membros do Conselho de Administração e os componentes da estrutura do QI do(s) projecto(s) sido convertidos em resultados

7. Que recomendações

CONTENTS

ABBREVIATIONS 3
FOREWORD 4
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 6
A. ECONOMY, DEVELOPMENT AND POVERTY REDUCTION PROSPECTS 8
ECONOMIC OVERVIEW 8
MACROECONOMIC POLICY 9
DEVELOPMENT AND POVERTY REDUCTION 13
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL PROTECTION AND LABOUR 15
GENDER 16
TRADE IN SADC AND SERVICES NEGOTIATIONS 19
B. SERVICES 21
BANKING AND INSURANCE 22
ENERGY 30
TOURISM 32
TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS 34
TRANSPORTS AND PORT LOGISTICS 36
TELECOMMUNICATIONS 45
MODE IV 48
CONCLUSIONS 50
REFERENCES 53
INSTITUTIONS AND PEOPLE CONTACTED 54
Table List
TABLE I.A – MACROECONOMIC INDICATORS 9
TABLE II.A – BUDGET 11
Table III.A – Public Finance Table IV.A – Public Finances 12
Table V.A – GDP by sector 14
Table VI.A – Mozambique has received the following request 20 Table VII.A – Schedule of Service Negotiations 21 Table VIII.B – Credit to the sectors 25 Table IX.B – Transport and communication growth rate 36 Table X.B – Trading across borders in Southern African Countries 42 Table XI.B – Donor Coordination 44 Table XII.B Mobile phone penetration 47

ABBREVIATIONS

BdPES Economic and Social Plan Review
CAGR Compound Growth Rate
EMOSE Empresa Moçambicana de Seguros
DRFI Disaster Risk Financing and Insurance
DTIS Diagnostic Trade Integration Study
CPI Center for Promotion Integration
FDI Foreign Direct Investment
GATS genral Agreement of Trade in Service
GDP Gross Domestic Production
GPI Gender Parity Index
GOM Government of Mozambique
LNG Large Liquefied Natural Gas
LPI Logistics Performance Index MIC
ICT Information and Communication Technology
INIP Instituto Nacional de Investigação Pesqueira
MPDC Maputo Port Development Corridor
PARP Poverty Reduction Strategy
PERPU Strategic Plan for the Reduction of Urban Poverty
PES Economic and Social Plan
RITES Rail India Technology and Economic Service
SADC Southern Africa Development Community
SMEs Small and Medium Entreprise
SPI Gestão e Investimentos
UNWTO United Nations World Tourism Organisation
WTTC World Travel and Tourism Council
WTO World Trade Organisation

Foreword

As the present study is an update of previous one and what was recommended is still has its merit we decided to use the 2007 foreword that was written by Ricardo Meléndez-Ortiz
Chief Executiv of ICTSD:

Eleven years after services were included in the multilateral trading system, the WTO’s General Agreement on Trade in Service (GATS) remains an unfinished project. It continues to arouse scepticism among its original proponents, given the arguably low level of liberalization attained so far, and there exists a deep concern among others with regard to the policy orientation of its provisions.

In the context of international negotiations, the GATS was the result of a complex process of political quid pro quos that propelled services on the agenda of the Uruguay Round negotiations. By and large, major services providers in the US and Europe acted as demandeurs for services rules and for a process that would lead to global trade expansion in the sector. Their counterparts in developing countries were more perplexed and their development concerns, though omnipresent in the process, were ultimately left vague. The absence of data, commercial insecurity and a crippling perception of an unfavourably tilted playing field prevailed in development circles throughout the negotiations. Broad public policy issues remained off the negotiations table. Difficult tensions – arising, for instance, from the fundamentally different approaches of diverse public law traditions to the role of the state in the provision of certain services – permeated the discussions. In short, the eight years of discussion that led to the creation of the GATS represented a hugely rich, creative and analytical effort, characterised by complexity, technicality and a high degree of politisation.

The implementation of the agreement has perpetuated this pattern. As we move into the liberalisation phase mandated as a built-in agenda in the GATS, policy-makers in developing countries, academics, civil society analysts and advocacy organisations have expressed serious reservations about the potential implications of requiring developing countries to make greater market access concessions; the need to sequence liberalisation; the lack of adequate domestic regulatory frameworks; the imperative of universal access for essential services; and institutional reform and good governance. The unresolved discussions on whether liberalisation and the further advancement of negotiations can proceed in the absence of the mandated impact assessment of implementation seems to be most troubling for practically all parties. Indeed, a comprehensive policy analysis of the implications of trade in services for sustainable development, and of the policy spaces available for implementing public policies, is still missing.

At the national level, the impact of services liberalisation on the local economy is among the most challenging and controversial issues. In many developing countries, the services sector has grown over the last two decades to comprise roughly half of their gross domestic production. At the same time, trade in services continues to comprise only small portion of total trade flow, with most services being domestically generated and supplied., Yet the sector remains largely underdeveloped, and the regulatory framework is inadequate.

At international level, most developing countries have had difficulties articulating their negotiations positions beyond rhetoric and general statements. So far, only a handful of developing countries have submitted formal requests and offers. While it is true that there may have been posturing due to the perception of deficient progress in the other negotiations areas, for some it is simply a lack of genuine understanding or familiarity with the GATS and the WTO negotiating context. This is symptomatic fo a lack of deeper, substantive knowledge of their interest in specific sectors and modes of supply and rules, as well as a lack of human resources in relation to negotiating capacity. However, as heavy domestic support measures in agriculture, non-tariff barriers, preference erosion and supply side constraints continue to hamper least developed country (LDC) exports to the markets of developed industrialized countries, the services trade is steadily gaining momentum as an alternative channel for providing new opportunities for diversification and export oriented economic growth

Mozambique, like many LDCs, continues to be compounded by a lack of data or real statistics of trade in services. To address this concern, ICTSD has commissioned a series of studies on the opportunities and risks of liberalising services trade in selected developing countries as part of its programme on Trade in Services and Sustainable Development. These country studies look at Bangladesh, Guatemala, Mozambique, Nicaragua, Pakistan, South Africa and Tanzania. The studies have been carried out in cooperation with local researchers and experts through a participatory process involving a wide range of domestic stakeholders. As such, these studies are intended as a practical tool for policy makers and non-state actors with an interest in services trade. They have been designed to contribute to the reality of developing countries’ services economy and to identify offensive and defensive negotiating interests.

As a least developed country, Mozambique is not obliged to take on additional commitments, though it remains actively involved in the GATS negotiations by pursuing a strategy of ‘critical engagement’. For Mozambique, services liberalisation can play a positive role in improving the competitiveness of the goods sector and other services, as well as increasing the efficiency of domestic services sectors and export opportunities. At the same time, Mozambique is involved in other regional and bilateral trade negotiations such as the Economic Partnership Agreements with the European Union where further liberalization in services has been high on the agenda.
The present study, produced in collaboration with the Economic Justice Coalition, shows that services like transport, electricity and tourism are highly tradable and are priority sectors for Mozambique, which is fast becoming an exporter of these goods. This is an important fact that should be given due consideration since available statistics show that the level of market concentration in the services and utility sector tends to be significantly higher that of the manufacturing sector. Mozambique’s strategic geographic location also makes it a natural regional transport and service hub connecting several countries in Southern Africa namely: Botswana, South Africa, Swaziland, which is evidenced by the major role in rendering transport and logistical services to the region.

This study comes at an opportune time for Mozambique. By implementing concerted measures for macroeconomic stabilization and structural reforms, the country looks to transform its economy towards a higher degree of openness and export orientation. In this context, the paper provides a much needed backstopping analysis for the definition of Mozambique’s negotiations interests in bilateral, regional and multilateral negotiations

We you will find this pleasant and informative reading and an effective contribution to the debate.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Mozambique achieved an impressive average of 7.2 percent growth thanks to the boost in coal mining production, coupled with strong performance in the financial services sector, transport and communications, and construction, increased the GDP. The strong economic expansion has promoted investment in the country’s weak infrastructures, developed around the three main logistic corridors.
The financial system has been the fastest growing sector, and overall financial intermediation has deepened. There are still high borrowing costs but the interest rate spread between loans and deposit rates is going down. The system remains both small and limited and levels of financial exclusion are very high, with the poor not access funding.
The insurance service is a challenge and affects the reinsurance. both reinsurance and insurance are heavily correlated to the global trends. The growing number of providers shows how is linked to the current economic growth and stability.
The WTTC estimate that in 2011 travel and tourism contributed in total 7.0 percent of Mozambique’s GDP. The tourism being transformed, which required legislation reform. The GOM is keenly interested in developing the tourism sector as one of the economic growth engines.

Mozambique has 2,700Km of coast, the third largest coastal extension in Africa representing a potential to develop the industry of transport and logistics nationally. The railway coal transport specifically had increased 94.5 percent due the coal transportation.

The cost of export and import in Mozambique are about 60 percent of the average costs in Sub-Saharan Africa, and the time required to export and import is around 70 percent of the Sub-Saharan average.

The telecommunications environment is one of the less developed markets in sub-Saharan Africa, although a concerted effort has been underway for the past years to correct this situation. The mobile development has been part of the Mozambican government’s institutional reforms that include the inception of a sector policy.

The trade in services are being negotiated under the SADC following objectives and principles based on progressive liberalization stated on SADC Trade in Service Protocol that aim to promote interdependence and integration of its member states economies.

The initial offer and request in SADCC trade services negotiations came from only 4 states, Lesotho, Mauritius, South Africa and Zambia. The Request targeted almost all member states with some exceptions.

In general, the member states request are aiming to cover a broad sub sectors covering commitments Mode 1, 2, 3 and the few requests aiming specific to the Mode 4 referred in the horizontal commitments in telecommunications, audiovisual, courier, telecommunications, transport.

The report is update findings outdated opportunities, the improving country bargaining position in negotiations, the promotion investment, the access of technology and the increase compositeness among the national service providers. As it is already reported the sectors not only face trade in service negotiations lack of capacity but they lack on basic understanding of the matter. The GOM must act quickly with capacity building programme to fill the gap otherwise the Mozambique GATS commitments are in risk.

Viriato Tamele
Maputo

A. ECONOMY, DEVELOPMENT AND POVERTY REDUCTION PROSPECTS.

1. ECONOMIC OVERVIEW

Mozambique has a high population growth rate at 2.8 percent and an estimated 300 000 new entrants into the labour market every year. The current country’s high economic growth rates have largely been driven by capital-intensive projects, particularly in extractive industries.

The overall unemployment rate stands at 27 percent of formal economy is largely urban in nature and accounts for only 32 percent of all employment. As a result, many of the new entrants into the labour market are forced into marginal jobs in the informal economy, both in rural and urban areas, with little prospect of reliable employment.
Mozambique achieved an impressive average growth of 7.2 percent during the last decade. The continuation of high Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows, mostly in extractive industry, together with strong agricultural growth and infrastructure investment may have driven growth to 7.5 and 7.9 percent in 2012 and 2013.
The export base remains narrow, with more than half of exports being aluminium. Only 15 products registered annual exports higher than USD 1 million, traditionally including cashew, shrimp, copra, sugar and cotton.
The boost in coal mining production, coupled with strong performance in financial, transport communications and construction services helped to push GDP real growth rate to 7.2 percent in 2011.
The rollout of pro-poor measures prepared during 2011, coupled with an ambitious infrastructure investment programme should have widened the fiscal deficit from ‑3.3 in 2011 to ‑6.8 and ‑7.4 percent in 2012 and 2013. The claimed re-negotiations of contracts with mega-projects and the diversification of the revenue base, in particular through enhanced extractive sector taxation, is paramount to sustain and promote an inclusive growth agenda. Other literature reports, a hard-line approach to renegotiation could lead to adverse long-term effects for Mozambique, including in terms of risk perceptions and potential litigation costs. Any discussion could easily be envisaged, however (IPR 59-2012 )
In response to the 2010 civil unrest the government restructured its development agenda around a new Action Plan for Reducing Poverty 2011 – 14 (PARP), focused on increased agricultural production, promotion of employment linked to the development of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) and investment in human and social development.
2. MACROECONOMIC
Mozambique’s main medium-term economic structural challenge is the broadening of its fiscal base. Aid flows were expected to decrease continually from 51.4 percent of budget in 2010 to 39.6 percent in 2012.
TABLE I.A – BACROECONOMIC INDICATORS
2010 2011(E) 2012(P) 2013(P)
REAL GDP GROWTH 6,8 7,2 7,5 7,9
REAL GDP PER CAPITA GROWTH 4,5 5,0 5,2 5,6
CPI INFLATION 12,7 10,8 7,2 5,6
BUDGET BALANCE % GDP -4,0 -3,3 -6,8 -7,4
CURRENT ACCOUNT % GDP -12,1 -25,6 -25,5 -20,0
SOURCE: AFRICA OUTLOOK, DATA BASED ON ESTIMATIONS USING INE DATA; ESTIMATES (E) AND PREDICTION (P) BASED ON AUTHORS’ CALCULATIONS

2.1 Fiscal Policy and Budgeting

Along with strong growth, the Central Bank’s policy consistent by tight monetary measure, supported by a prudent fiscal policy, reduced the end of year inflation from 12.7 to 10.8 percent in 2011. Prospects of a further decrease in inflation to 7.2 in 2012 and stabilisation at 5.6 percent in 2013, will allow a monetary policy easing in 2012, targeting credit expansion.
The main pillars of Mozambique’s fiscal policy continue to be the strengthening of revenue collection, reducing transfers, and supporting disinflation. The 2011 budget projected a 6.5 percent fiscal deficit to accommodate the government’s medium-term growth and poverty reduction objectives, based on overcoming the country’s infrastructure and skills’ deficiencies, while providing enhanced social safety nets. The excessive burden of fuel and other emergency subsidies introduced in 2010 to calm social unrest, led to a budgetary revision with a partial phasing out of these subsidies. The budget also introduced a 7 percent increase in expenditure, re-allocating resources from capital to current expenditures designed to create new social protection schemes.
Despite these extra-budgetary expenses, lower than expected resort to non-facilitated grants and slow disbursements of donor-financed capital spending, coupled with strong revenue collection, produced a fiscal deficit of just ‑3.3 percent.
The 2012 budget is a structured response to address the social challenges and support the PARP 2011‑14, which is focused on an inclusive growth model. Education and Health will have a budgetary real increase of 6.32 and 4.42 percent respectively, while capital expenditure will suffer a real decrease of 7.2 percent.

TABLE II.A – BUDGET
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2012 2013
Population, mn 3 20.5 e 21 e 21.5 e 22 f
Nominal GDP, US$bn 3 8.1 10.6 e 10.5 e 11.6 f
GDP per capita, US$ 4 395 e 506 e 490 e 530 f
Real GDP growth, % change y-o-y 5 7 6.8 e 5.8 e 6.5 f

Budget balance, MZMbn 5 -25.4 -42 e -44.8 e -53 f
Budget balance, % of GDP 1,4 -2.1 -2.1 e -5 e -4.1 f

Consumer prices, % y-o-y, ave 6 9.2 14.7 3.5 e 3.8 f
Consumer prices, % y-o-y, eop 6 12.1 11.8 1 e 6.5 f
Lending rate, %, eop 3 18.9 18 15.5 e 14.5 f
Real Lending Rate, %, eop 7 8.9 2.9 11.6 e 10.4 f

Exchange rate MZM/US$, ave 3 25.6 23.91 26.55 e 26.5 f
Exchange rate MZM/US$, eop 3 23.5 25.1 28 e 25 f

OPEC basket Price, US$/bbl, ave 2,8 69 95.4 e 45.5 e 48.5 f

Goods Exports, US$bn 5 2.4 2.6 e 2.1 e 2.3 f
Goods imports, US$bn 5 2.8 3.5 e 3 e 3.3 f
Balance of trade in goods, US$bn 5 -0.4 -0.8 e -1 e -1 f
Current account, US$bn 5 -0.8 -1 e -1 e -1 f
Current account, % of GDP 4 -7.8 -8.1 e -7.4 e -7.1 f

Notes: e BMI estimates. f BMI forecasts. 1 fiscal balance including grants; 2 Global assumptions correct when forecasts generated; Sources: 3 IMF. 4 Mozambique authorities/IMF/BMI calculations; 5 Mozambique authorities/IMF; 6 INE; 7 IMF/BMI calculations; 8 OPEC. http://www.meamonitor.com/file/7011/home.html

There are, however, fiscal challenges on the horizon. In the short term, financing both the investment plan and the social protection schemes to sustain social peace will strain fiscal resources. In the medium term foreign aid support, which represents 40 percent of budget, is expected to diminish.
Fiscal revenue collection increased from 19.6 percent of GDP in 2010 to 20.2 percent in 2011 and is expected to reach 20.6 percent in 2012. Nevertheless, a revision on natural resource extraction and mega-project taxation is crucial.

2003 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
TOTAL REVENUE AND GRANTS 24.7 25.6 25 26.5 27.1 29.7 29.4 27.3 26.1
TAX REVENUE 14.3 12.9 14.1 15 15.6 18.1 19.1 18.3 17.3
OIL REVENUE – – – – – – – – –
GRANTS 9.5 10.6 9 9.4 9.5 9.1 7.7 6.5 6.3
TOTAL EXPENDITURE AND NET LENDING (A) 30.2 27.2 27.3 33 32.6 33.6 32.7 34.2 33.5
CURRENT EXPENDITURE 14.2 14.4 15.3 14.8 18 19 18 17.5 16.4
EXCLUDING INTEREST 13 13.7 14.7 14.2 17.5 18.2 17.1 16.4 15.8
WAGES AND SALARIES 6.7 7.2 7.7 7.9 8.9 9.3 8.5 8 7.6
INTEREST 1.2 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.9 0.9 1.1 0.6
PRIMARY BALANCE 11.4 -0.9 -1.8 18.3 12.9 14 13.4 13.7 14.3
OVERALL BALANCE -4.3 -1.6 -2.4 -6 -5 -3.1 -2.4 -5.8 -6.8
Table III.A – Public Finance

Source: Economy Outlook
Figures for 2010 are estimates; for 2011 and later are projections.
Currently, revenues from these activities represent roughly 5 percent of company profits due to fiscal exemptions and benefits. If the fiscal regime were fully applied the figure would rise to 30 percent.
Customs performance and trade facilitation have the potential to improve significantly with the introduction of the Janela Única Electrónica , the electronic taxing system E-tributação and other internal soft applications.
Table IV.A – Public Finances
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Trade balance -11.6 -13.2 -12.8 -25.3 -24 -16.7
Exports of goods (f.o.b.) 26.7 22.2 25.3 14.6 14.2 18.5
Imports of goods (f.o.b.) 38.3 35.4 38.1 39.9 38.2 35.2
Services -4.1 -4.7 -5.5 -6.7 -5.9 -6.8
Factor income -8.5 -2.6 -0.9 -0.2 -1 -1.2
Current transfers 7.8 7.9 7.1 6.6 5.4 4.7
Current account balance -16.4 -12.6 -12.1 -25.6 -25.5 -20
Source: Economic Outlook, Figures for 2010 are estimates; for 2011 and later are projections.

3. DEVELOPMENT AND POVERTY REDUCTION

On 14 September 2011, for the first time in 20 years, an overseas shipment of 35 000 tonnes of coal was made from the Beira seaport by the corporation VALE, placing Mozambique on the global coal market. The thermal coal came from the company’s 1.7 billion US dollars (USD) Moatize open cast mining project in the Tete Province, considered by investors to be one of the world’s largest untapped mine fields.
The reserves, made of approximately 30 percent thermal and 70 percent higher value metallurgical coal, are geographically well positioned to to the shipped through Nacala Port serve the emerging countries Indian, Brazilian, Chinese and beyond.
With the expansion of production in Tete, overall coal output in 2011 reached nearly 1 million tonnes, contributing to GDP real growth increase of 7.2 percent. Large investments in natural resources are quickly changing Mozambique’s economy, increase service demand and could potentially alter the country’s prospects in the medium taking advantage of opportunities and reduce the risks.
The coal sector continues to expand and attract large investments. VALE has already announced its intention to expand Moatize’s capacity from the 11 million tonnes per year it expects to reach by the end of 2014, to 26 million tonnes per year with an investment of USD 6 billion, which will include expansion of railway.
In spite of economic growth generated by mega-projects, and added competitiveness provided by infrastructure development, the impact on poverty reduction has been minimal.
The PARP focuses particularly on increasing agricultural production. The sector, which represented 30.9 percent of GDP in 2011, is expected to grow by 9.9 percent in 2012. However, cashew nut production, Mozambique’s traditional cash crop, is forecasted to flatten at 112 800 tonnes, up from 105 000 tonnes in 2010.
Table V.A – GDP by sector
Description 2006 2010
Agriculture, forestry, fishing & hunting 27.9 30.9
Agriculture, livestock, forestry and fisheries – –
Of which agriculture – –
Mining and quarrying 1.4 1.5
Of which oil – –
Manufacturing 16 13.2
Electricity, gas and water 5.8 4.7
Electricity, water and sewerage – –
Construction 3.2 3.1
Wholesale and retail trade, hotels and restaurants 15.5 17.9
Of which hotels and restaurants 1.5 1.6
Transport, storage and communication 10 10.1
Transport and storage, information and communication – –
Finance, real estate and business services 8.9 7
Financial intermediation, real estate services, business and other service activities – –
General government services – –
Public administration & defence; social security, education, health & social work – –
Public administration, education, health 4 4
Public administration, education, health & other social & personal services – –
Other community, social & personal service activities – –
Other services 7.3 7.6
Gross domestic product at basic prices / factor cost 100 100
Wholesale and retail trade, hotels and restaurants – –

Source: Economic Outlook estimated figures

The strong economic expansion has promoted investment in the country’s weak infrastructures, developed around the three main logistic corridors (Maputo, Beira and Nacala) that serve coal exports, and link the hinterland countries.
Notwithstanding the strong economic dynamics, the most relevant economic development of 2011 was the discovery of extensive off-shore natural gas reserves. Nearly 424 trillion cubic metres of natural gas reserves, were discovery approximately 40km offshore Rovuma delta in north of Cabo Delgado Province If proven correct, the cumulative natural gas reserves will rank Mozambique 4th in the world for natural gas reserves, behind the three giants, Russia, Iran and Qatar. The scale of reserves justifies the construction of a Large Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) plant in Mozambique. The potential windfall revenues could reshape Mozambique’s economic and human development in the medium term, if the benefits are balanced through Mozambican people and investors.

4. Human Development, Social Protection and Labour
The budgetary allocation to priority sectors increased in 2012 by 6.8 to 66.7 percent of the budget. Social safety nets were strengthened with the broadening of the direct cash transfer mechanisms to the most vulnerable groups coupled with the maintenance of subsidies to urban public transportation and productive public works programmes, in a bid to minimise the negative effects of the rising cost of food and fuel prices on the poor.
There have been significant advances in relation to key indicators of human and social development, with a substantial decrease in the areas of child and maternal mortality and an increase in net enrolment rates.
According to the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) Human Development Report 2011, Mozambique ranks in the top 25 highest performers in the world, measured in absolute term increases, with an average increment of 2.49 percent since 2000.
Despite the loss of one place in the ranking the country is well placed in regard to indicators for life expectancy and expected years of schooling. The current low ranking of 184th out of 187 countries is mostly due to a long-lasting low average of indicators, by nature are slower to upgrade.
In Mozambique 80 percent of the workforce has not completed upper primary school and only 13 percent completed secondary school. The skills profile poses serious challenges to the country in terms of improving productivity and employability of the labour force.
The Government is pursuing an ambitious reform agenda to align the technical and vocational training system to the needs of the market, and to promote the financial sustainability of the professional education system to cope with the challenges of expansion of both quantity and quality of the training provided. This includes increasing private sector involvement in vocational training and monitoring the dynamics of a fast-growing labor force and a fast-changing economy.
An unconditional cash transfer system targeting vulnerable groups (elderly, disabled and chronically sick) reaching out about 150 000 people is underway. In general, the existing schemes have limited coverage, offer fragmented assistance and are not well resourced. In order to implement the National Strategy for Basic Social Security the Government approved the set of Programs for Basic Social Protection in 2012.

The 2012 budget is addressing the social challenges and support the PARP 2011‑14 and introduced a 7 percent increase in expenditure, re-allocating resources from capital to current expenditures designed to create new social protection schemes.

It is estimated that 300 000 youths join the labour force every year. To address the pressing challenges of vulnerability and urban unemployment, the creation and rolling-out of safety nets are currently being pursued by the Strategic Plan for the Reduction of Urban Poverty (PERPU) aimed at the inclusion of youth and unemployed people in urban areas in the labour market, by empowering them with adequate skills.
There is a need to develop a coordinated work between MIC-DRI, Ministry of Labour and the emigration authority to include the Mode 4 commitments in request preparation of Mozambique. The instrument can protect the former mozambican workers from Mozal that informal are working in Qatar aluminium smelter and sappers working in post conflicts countries.
5. Gender
Mozambique has produced a set of well-designed and well-articulated gender policies over the last decade based on the nation’s commitment to gender, including a National Gender Policy since 2006. At this stage in the country’s development, the dilemma is how to translate gender policy into action. For example, although the issue of women’s and girls’ rights to education is widely accepted, at community level much needs to be done to translate these rights into changed structures and practices. HIV/AIDS poses a greater challenge as the prevalence rates show that women, especially young women, are most affected.
Nevertheless, primary school enrolment of girls has expanded more is needed to be done in order to narrow gender gaps and to increase enrolment of girls in upper primary, secondary levels and in the technical and vocational sector. In higher education, the proportion of women students has remained constant in recent years with a Gender Parity Index (GPI) of 0.49. The country continues to progress by increasing the representation of women in politics and decision-making structures, including decentralized levels. Strategic actions are also needed to reduce the gender role disparities in rural areas and in formal business.

Mozambican researches also took a “big picture” approach, investigating the conflict between commercial agriculture and small-scale substance farming (Andrade et al. 2009). For instance, the community of Maragra near Manhiça village were the sugar cane is produced, focused on approximately 50 women, most employed through seasonal contracts in the cane plantations of the Maragra Sugar Company.

These women, who face disadvantages stemming from their gender, class, and place of origin, have worked to change their circumstance, by creating a cooperative that includes both individual farms and collective farms. With this as their base, they are attempting to claim rights, as well as access to tractors to mechanise their familiar production and other services needed for sugar monoculture and its agro industry.

6. Trade and Services negotiations in SADC
The country absorbs one of the highest Aid/GDP ratios in Africa, averaging USD 89.2 per capita, although FDI is now the main driver for economic development and regional integration. Mozambique is responsible for 70 percent of SADC goods transit, with logistic corridors linking the deep water coastal ports servicing four neighbouring landlocked countries, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Swaziland.
Transport and Communications led FDI projects in 2011 with USD 511.8 million. The emerging countries have assumed an increasing role, as China became the second largest investor since 2010 and is expected to invest over USD 13 billion in the next ten years, mainly in infrastructure (ports, roads, energy). Furthermore, is expected an investment of USD 4 billion over the next four years, focusing on agriculture, mineral resources, infrastructure and health.
Coal exports, which started in 2011, are expected to overtake aluminium as the main export. The prospect for a LNG plant to be ready in 2018 could make natural gas Mozambique’s main export product.
Mozambique still imports a considerable volume of machinery, vehicles, fuel and consumer durables, mainly from South Africa (35 percent), Asia (26 percent) and Europe (24 percent). The country’s exports are mostly directed to Europe (54 percent).
The volume of intraregional trade remains low at 19 percent of GDP, awaiting the consolidation of SADC free trade tariffs, which were initiated in 2008. Bilateral agreements were signed with Malawi and Zimbabwe to enforce the rules of origin based on a product’s value. The country enjoys preferential access to European markets under the interim EPAs signed in 2009.

6.1 Service Negotiations

The SADC through its 17th Trade in Service Forum of Negotiation of SADC (TNF-Services) has agreed that the member states must submit the first initial request of at least 2 sectors of the priority areas (finance, transport, communications and tourism) in 2012. Nevertheless, the 18th TNF realized that only 4 member states had submitted the initial request.

The GOM through MIC-DRI in conjunction of other sectors has scheduled the elaboration of the first list of services liberalisation to be submitted to the SADC secretariat and circulated to the member states.
However, the preliminary contacts made to the sectors to speed up the process it were clear that the lack of capacity to prepare the request and offers was big challenge.
In order to overcome this situation MIC-DRI has requested the SADC Secretariat to organise a workshop were the sectors are being requested to participate to reinforce the process. The meeting is planned to take place in June of the current followed by the TNF-service meeting that will take place in South Africa or Victoria Falls.
During the preparation of the process the following objectives were identified: the need to raise awareness to better understand the issues related to the SADC Trade in Services Protocol and its the guide of the negotiations; to the need of an effective participation in the negotiation process, to the need to provide a clear capacity/understanding of the Offer and Request process specifically to identify areas to be targeted in order to provide technical assistance and institutional capacity

Table VI.A – Mozambique has received the following request

COUNTRY REQUEST

LESOTHO POSTAL;
TELECOMMUNICATIONS;
AUDIO-VISUAL;
AIR TRANSPORT;
ROAD TRANSPORT;
TRANSPORTS RELATED;
MAURITIUS TELECOMMUNICATIONS;
INSURANCE;
BANKING;
TRAVEL AGENCY AND TOURIST OPERATORS;
MARITIME.
SOUTH AFRICA POSTAL;
TELECOMMUNICATIONS;
ZAMBIA INSURANCE;
BANKING;
HOSTELRY AND RESTORATION;
TRAVEL AGENCY AND TOURIST OPERATORS;

The following sectors were prioritised, construction, energy, finance, Tourism, Transport and Communication.

Finance and insurance – Mozambique has decided to liberalize at multilateral level but the sector is the most liberalised at national level. In the context of request process Mozambique is planning to offer insurance to the SADC member states but the request will follow the position of private sector

Communications – the Postal sub sector is lacking of legal instrument to better regulate it abut the bill was submitted to the Parliament. It has being recommended that it is not the right moment to present a request even if Mozambique had received a request from Lesotho.

Telecommunications – the sub sector is already liberalized one, in spite of the certain limitations, requests to the SADC member states will follow after the consultation with private sector in investing in the region.

Transports – the approaches of transport sub sector are not clear as the consultations are still undergoing.

Tourism – is being recommended to present the request to all SADC member states.

The national process of Trade in service request and offer is following the consultation of private sector and other stakeholder according to the following plan in the table bellow.

Table VII.A – Schedule of Service Negotiations

Activities
Deadline
Objective
Responsibility
To meet with Transports and Communications, Finance and Tourism and private sector April 2013 Evaluate the preparation of request and the participation of private sector in identifying the sector and their interest in liberalization. MIC;

Other sector to organize the technicians.
To contact the SADC secretariat April 2013 To ask for the support in order to organise the workshop to consult the private sector in final offer and request. To ask to the hiring of trade in services to work permanently with the sectors.
MIC to coordinate;

To meet the private sector and other stakeholders

May 2013 To inform on SADC Service negotiations;

To explain the details of Services Protocol;

To increase the understanding of services;

To identify the interest sector. MIC to coordinate;

Support to the sectors;

CTA to organise the members.
To contact the SADC Secretariat May 2013 To submit the request to the SADC secretariat. MIC to coordinate;

Meet the TNF- Service
June 2013 Participate in the meeting;

To defend the country position. MIC to coordinate;

Sector to represent the country.

B. SERVICES
Private sector investment in coal mega-projects was over USD 1.9 billion in 2011 and as result the FDI increased. A round 30 000 new jobs were created by the 285 new projects, of which 13 were in the Nacala Exclusive Economic Zone, representing a USD 400 million investment from export companies.
A strong investment in the cement sector can triple production by 2013. Four Chinese companies (Africa Great Wall Cement Manufacturer, China International Fund, GS Cimento, and Bill Wood) and the South African Pretoria Portland Cement are entering the market with an overall investment of USD 450 million.
The policy framework aiming to develop the industry remain weak, contrary to the development of the mega-projects as the government did everything to provide them with the required environment to execute their projects namely the successive decrees of investment laws.

There are number of initiatives to provide technical assistance, enterprise development service and fund industry initiatives in Mozambique, but their impact and the scope are limited this is the result of complicated business environment faced by the industry in Mozambique that in downstream reduced the demand of services. At the same time, it was a result of non-coordinated and fragmented interventions, the lack of a clear industry development policy in Mozambique and the lack of resources channelled to develop such instrument.

7. Banking and insurance
The principal function of mozambican financial system should be to mobilize savings and allocate funds efficiently to productive sector including all development stakeholders. The finance environment is unique in that the transactions as it involve an exchange between a payment today and a pledge to repay later. The financial system relies heavily on information about the reliability and solvency of promising repayments, most important, rule of law were strong legal and judicial foundations are needed to ensure contract enforcement and property rights, and establish the rules and regulations governing financial system.
The mozambican financial environment is dominated by the commercial banks, while intermediaries they have a fundamental obligation to protect the funds obtained from depositors. Therefore, to manage risks carefully and avoid undue exposure to possible losses, while seeking an attractive return to shareholders, a sounding banking system is vital to build a financial system and to support the economy broadly. In addition to prudent management and strong corporate governance, a sound banking system also require an effective supervision and judicious regulations as a second line of defence against instability.
The central bank has been calling the commercial banks establish bands in rural areas and in other hand they have been exercise a degree of are sounding and innovative. While is imperative to perform, but the developing new financial services and serving non-traditional clients is crucial.
To facilitate innovations, the GOM and its partners are instrumental as catalysts for change. The motivation for intervention stems from market imperfections, which has obliged the financial institutions to under invest in innovate number of services.
The banking system is expanding but still lacks on competition since 85 percent of the total financial sector’s assets are concentrated in the three largest banks, which are closely linked to the Portuguese banks. The sector may become vulnerable to shocks in the medium term due to the deterioration of the crisis in Portugal.
The share of Non-Performing Loans (NPL) remains stable at 2 percent, and the Central Bank started the transition to risk based standards. The supervision ability has improved with the completion of the banking crisis resolution framework, but still remains some work to be done on the modules of the rules for closing/liquidation, manage bidding processes for private sector take-overs, temporary public ownership and emergency liquidity assistance.
The financial system has been the fastest growing sector and overall financial intermediation has deepened. There are still high borrowing costs but the interest rate spread between loan and deposit rates is falling (from 15 in 2006 to 12 percent in 2010). Private sector credit to GDP remains moderately high at 29.8 percent in 2010. Capital markets are very small, and the stock market mostly trades government debt. Microfinance institutions have expanded rapidly in recent years, increasing the outreach of the banking sector. The financial system remains both small and limited and levels of financial exclusion are very high, with the poor having little access to credit.
In 2011, the Central Bank of Mozambique continued to tighten monetary policy, implemented throughout 2010 to absorb excess liquidity and control core inflation to within a single digit. The lending rate to commercial banks was progressively increased from 14.5 up to 16.5 percent and their minimum reserve requirements increased from 8.5 to 9 percent of total deposits. As a result, monetary supply grew by 20 percent in 2011, down from 22.8 percent in 2010. The favourable external environment of lower food and fuel prices supported the tight monetary policy.
The appreciation of the metical against the South African rand also contributed to curb inflation. Yearly inflation has continually decreased since December 2010, reaching 5.5 percent and the 12-month average, which peaked at 15.37 percent in April of same year, was 10.8 percent at the end of the year. Both results are below initial targets and the future prospects will further decrease in inflationary pressures due to monetary contraction policy and stabilisation of the national currency, Metical.
However, the domestic credit market was negatively impacted. Growth of domestic credit to the economy decreased from 27.5 percent in 2010 to 19.5 percent in 2011, with one year market borrowing interest rates peaking in July 2011 at 23 percent. The present monetary policy challenge is the trade-off between credit growth to private sector, fundamental to the much needed expansion of job-generating private sector growth, and the control of inflationary pressures. With inflation secured around 5 to 6 percent, and relying on the continuation of an effective budget execution, it will be possible to accommodate a mild level of monetary easing in 2012 allowing for a modest credit expansion.
Most Mozambican banks lack information on appropriate techniques for serving new markets profitably, while small and medium-sized businesses often do not understand the requirements of the lender and lack the capacity to provide necessary accounting data and business plans. Carefully planned innovative interventions can help craft financial system, test new markets, services and help local businesses and producers to become more “bankable” through better management and financial controls.
The Banking financed the tourism, transport and communication in 12 percent which is the same figures compared to 2011 that is an indication of the fact that the financial and transport sectors needed to increase and reinforce the already raised fact that the growing of the transport is related with the extraction industry. General the credit was had increased in 18.7 percent against 6.4 percent of the year 2011.

Table VIII.B – Credit to the sectors

Sectors 2011 2012
Agriculture 4,2 4,7
Industry 7,9 7,7
Construction 7,4 9,0
Tourism 2,1 2,1
Commerce 21,1 17,3
Transports & communications 9,9 9,9
Individuals 25,0 27,4
Habitation 2,3 2,2
Others 19,9 19,8

While the distribution of the credit shows that the commerce is top priority of banking system the same can be said with the individuals adding that the banks provide credit to very short period of time and also considering the credit provided to the public official and the credit cards.
7.1 Insurance
The insurance of slavery ships during the triangular trade can be considered the first non-direct contact with the people from a territory that later was transformed in a nation called Mozambique, this worth to mention as Barclays is operating in Mozambique and at the time was one of the insurance company that was involved with slave-ships.
Nevertheless, the formal insurance business in Mozambique started in the beginning of the 20th century, after Mozambique attained independence in 1975, the Empresa Moçambicana de Seguros (EMOSE) then an new state-owned insurer was formed following the nationalisation of insurance then operating in the market.
Unfortunately for the new nation, the independence was immediately followed by a protracted, brutal and highly destructive civil war. In the early 1990s, as part of the strategy to end the civil war, the government of Mozambique initiated a process of political and economic reforms. The economic restructuring and market liberalisation was initiated, for the insurance sector, lead to the termination of the state monopoly, creation of space for the re-emergence of private sector insurance companies and the urban of insurance brokerage services. Following the termination of the monopoly of EMOSE, the duties of supervision of the insurance sector was shifted to the Ministry of Finance.
In 1999, the Mozambican government passed a piece of legislation paving the way for the formation of the insurance regulatory body – Inspecção Geral de Seguros (IGS). In the most recent reform of the insurance regulatory framework, the mandate of the regulatory body was broadened. The autonomous entity was renamed Instituto de Supervisão de Seguros de Moçambique (ISSM).
Following the termination of the state monopoly, the insurance sector has become more refined. Mozambique is still very lightly penetrated by the insurance. Over the past years though, growth has taken place and there are more than eight insurance companies in the country. The service accounts less than 1 percent of GDP.
Currently, there are considerable opportunities for further developing both general and life insurance in the Mozambique, products that can usefully be developed include, but are not limited to, health insurance, micro-insurance, agricultural insurance and other products that can alleviate poverty and promote SMEs.
The catastrophe insurance is one area of great interest as floods, droughts and other types of adverse climatic conditions, which have profound impacts in Mozambique, and significant developments are underway in creating the conditions to insure against these events. But reinsurance is insurance purchased by insurers (called reinsures) from other insurers to limit the total loss the latter would experience in case of a disaster.
However, insurance service in Mozambique still faces major challenges, with some specifically affecting the reinsurance. The country reinsurance and insurance are heavily correlated to global trends, have high frequency of claim recurrence due the aging infrastructure relying largely on imports and thus on hard currency for replacement, lack adequately skilled labour and face ineffective and ill-enforced legal frameworks.
Insurance firms in Mozambique provide a wide range of services, including life, property, health, and casualty insurance policies. The largest insurance companies in Mozambique include Emose, Global Alliance (GA), Hollard Moçambique Companhia de Seguros, Moçambique Companhia de Seguros (MCS) and Millennium Seguradora Internacional de Moçambique. Efforts are being undertaken to strengthen the insurance sector’s regulatory, supervisory framework and the institutional capacity of the IGS. With a 37 percent share of the insurance market, Millennium (SIM) is one of the largest companies till year 2008.

The growing number of insurance in Mozambique shows how is linked to the current economic growth and stability. At other hand it will require an effective supervision from the authorities and an update of the current regulatory framework to accommodate not only the big insurance companies linked to the international corporations in Mozambique but as well as to provide new opportunities for the national insurance companies. The framework will demand more responsibility on risk assessment and sounding management of the insurance companies in order to increase competitiveness and guarantee their sustainability.

Insurance and Reinsurance companies in Mozambique
Name of the company Name of the company
1 Alexander Forbes Moçambique Ltd 18 MAC Insurance Brokers
2 Amados Brokers 19 Millennium Seguradora Internacional de Moçambique, SARL
3 AON Mozambique 20 Momentum Mozambique
4 Beam Insurance Brokers 21 Mozambique Insurance Brokers Ltd
5 CIS Commercial Insurance Services Ltd 22 Mozre Mozambique Reinsurance
6 CTS Brokerage Technical Insurance Ltd 23 National Brokers Ltd

7 Empresa Mocambicana de Seguros, EE 24 Optimus Ltd

8 Empresa Moçambicana de Seguros, SA (EMOSE) 25 Poliseguros Insurance Brokers Ltd

9 Estar Seguros Insurance Brokers Ltd 26 Proxen Ltd

10 Fides Brokers of Insurance 27 Royal Insurance Company of Mozambique

11 Getcor Brokers and Managers of Insurance Ltd 28 Snea Services and Brokers Ltd

12 Glenrand MIB 29 Tranquility Brokers & Consultants to Insurance Ltd

13 Global Alliance Seguros 30 Prosperity Insurances

14 Hollard Moçambique Companhia de Seguros SARL 31 Unique – International Insurance of Mozambique

15 IMPAR – Companhia de Seguros de Mocambique SARL 32 YES – International Insurance Mozambique

16 Insurance Company in Southern Africa 33 Momentum Mozambique

17 KPMG

To reinforce the service taking into account the increasing number of stakeholders in insurance as well as at level of mediation is fundamental the to improve of the Mozambican Association of Insurance at institutional and programmatic level which is essential the credibility of national insurance companies.

The appetency and demand of this service is hand to hand with the growing investments in development programmes, projects in particularly sub sectors of extractive industry namely the coal and gas which increased the responsibility of national insurance companies.

In Mozambique the level of insurance penetration in national economy is continuing growing, and now represent 1,44 percent of the GDP. The GOM expects that with the mega-projects and the increasing number of SMEs that follow, will allow in short and media notice a sustainable economic growing which at same time will provide better social conditions to the people creating increasing insurance culture. Consequently, the need to provide the safeguarding of production of goods and service will influence the insurance and consequently increasing the level of penetration.

At other hand, taking into account the Mozambique country appetency to the disaster and calamities the GOM when updating the regulatory framework should present a body of knowledge on the state of disaster risks and insurance through encouragement of open dialogue between stakeholders on better strategies that can best be developed to increase financial resilience against natural disasters.

The insurance stakeholders and investors should take into account of the impacts of natural disasters such as cyclones, earthquakes and floods but also slow onset events such as drought. Mozambique is highly exposed to a wide range of adverse natural events, with hydro-meteorological hazards impacting the largest number of people. The Disaster Risk Financing and Insurance (DRFI) is an instrument that has been highlighted by the African union, regional economic communities and individual countries as an area for regional financial cooperation.

Additionally, having into account that the natural disasters are unforeseen events driven by natural phenomena that cause serious disruption of the functioning of community or even to a society causing widespread human, material, economic and/or environmental losses which overwhelm the capacity of the affected community or society.

The insurance stakeholder and the international community with an interest in this agenda must be aware that this kind of insurance refers to instruments and mechanisms at the macro and micro market levels that provide financial resources to assist with response and recovery efforts in the aftermath of a disaster.

8. Energy
Mozambique has abundant and yet largely unexplored natural resources. While the Cahora Bassa dam (HCB), with 2075 MW of capacity, is one of the largest hydropower installations in Africa, Mozambique could build another 5000 MW of hydropower. The country has large sedimentary basins of natural gas on- shore reserves (in Pande and Temane) have been discovered and off-shore areas in the Rovuma basin is now researched and could contain more than 100 trillion cubic feet of gas.

Paradoxically, despite Mozambique’s production of electricity, and in spite of considerable achievements by EDM (600 thousand new clients in 5 years) only some 15 to 20 percent of households have access to electricity. Like most of their African peers, Mozambicans are heavily reliant on non-commercial energy, or traditional forms of energy (biomass such as wood and charcoal). In its national strategy to combat poverty, the Government of Mozambique has identified the energy sector as one of the main areas for investment, notably foreign direct investment.
The country is on the brink of its industrial revolution1, and it cannot develop without strengthening its energy sector. The challenges are enormous, and the choices to be made in the next few years will shape the Mozambique of tomorrow.

Representing around 5 percent of GDP, the energy sector is expected to continue its expansion of nearly 10 percent a year. In November 2011 the government officially launched the CESUL (“Centre-South”) project, a USD 1.8 billion Regional Transmission line project, often referred to as the country’s “electric back-bone”. This project will enable the large northern hydropower stations to connect directly to the Southern African Power Pool, while another line will cross the rural countryside to Maputo, providing electric power to the rural population. The CESUL, supported by the ongoing expansion of the Cahora Bassa-North hydro dam and construction of the Mpanda Nkuwa hydro dam project on the Zambezi, will enable hydroelectric projects and ensure the delivery of electricity for consumers locally and potentially abroad.
In April 2012, an agreement of transferring ownership of Portugal’s 15 percent share in Hidroelectrica de Cahora Bassa (HCB) was signed by the Mozambican authorities and Portuguese, HCB, the company operating the Cahora Bassa dam, over two stages – 7.5 percent of the shares will be sold to Mozambique this year for USD 42 million, and the remaining over the next two. By 2014, Mozambique will have full ownership of the company.
With the exception of natural gas exploration as such, electricity is a key issue for all existing and future large energy projects in Mozambique. The industrial and mining projects all depend critically on the availability of cheap electricity in large quantities while the other projects are engaged in the production of electricity.
At the same time, access to modern energy services is still very low in Mozambique, with for many years to come about 70-80 percent of the population relying entirely on traditional biomass to meet their energy needs.

The energy sector in Mozambique is growing rapidly and the country’s energy and mineral resources can contribute to reduce absolute poverty and promote growth including the development of domestic energy infrastructure within and across regions.
9. Tourism
The World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) estimate that in 2011 travel and tourism contributed in total 7.0 percent of Mozambique’s GDP. In 2011 it was forecast to rise by 5.9 percent per annum over the coming decade. The WTTC ranks Mozambique 117th out of 181 countries (WTTC Economic Impact 2012) in terms of the relative contribution of tourism to the economy. The sector supports 6.1 percent of total employment, which was expected to fall in the short term but then raise, meaning that by 2022 the sector will provide 6.2 percent of total employment and 631,000 people will be employed directly and indirectly in tourism. In 2011 visitor exports generated 9.1 percent of total exports, which was expected to fall and rise in line with the general industry trend. In 2010 Mozambique received over 1.7 million tourists.

The Ministry of Tourism in Mozambique was created in 2001. Since then, the importance of tourism to Mozambique’s development has been stressed. A comprehensive document to assess the development of tourism in the country was created, Strategic Plan for Tourism Development covering the period between 2004 and 2013. Until 2011, the plan was not been formally revised and updated, but has been implemented. The brand Mozambique was launched in 2009 with the intention of promoting the tourist potential of the country both domestically and abroad, while Satellite Account is currently being prepared, which will allow for a full evaluation of tourism’s contribution to the country’s GDP.

Despite the negative effect, which the global economic crisis had on some sectors, tourism in Mozambique continued to see positive development. The figures of Mozambique Tourism Ministry show that tourism revenues saw continued growth over the later years of the review period. Furthermore, the government launched the “To Serve Well” campaign aiming to ensure all businesses in the country to adopt ways provide service to the customers maximising opportunities. At a cost of US$225,000 the campaign was used to carry out training sessions and advertising. By 2020, the Mozambican authorities expect 4 million tourists per annum to visit the country.
Through implementation of Arco Notre tourism project (NMTP) funded by the USAID was implemented in Northern Provinces of Mozambique it is recognised that growth in tourism could best be achieved by planning.

The NMTP promote the political exercise and discipline following the investments promotion, resort development and management strategy. Enforces the land use, zoning and conservation plans believing that Mozambique can achieve a goal to transform tourism into $2 billion industry. And goes further by adding the destinations assessment work, master-planning activities, and implementation concepts.

The NMTP has created basis for a unified, strengthened, equipped with a clear, cohesive, strategy, investment and market-positioning toolkit that will enable the tourism service into a major, hard currency earner and engine for economic growth reduction in Northern Mozambique.

The tourism sector is a current under dynamic transformation, which required legislation reform and a capacity to regulate and supervise the tourism operators. It goes further to the public awareness to encourage historic preservations and nature conservation. The tourism process includes a framework to protect major tidal vital coastal ecosystems – as well as wetlands, dune, system and coral reefs – and providing ecosystem service. Land use plans for proposed resort zones can provide maxim benefits to local communities and sustainability.

The identification of opportunities for business development arising from proposed tourism developments can provide a basis for diversifying the rural economy, creating jobs and raising incomes.

Mozambique is one of Africa’s up-and-coming hot spots, with stunning “virgin” beaches, excellent diving and magical offshore islands.

Around the Bazaruto and Quirimbas Archipelagos, sail on a dhow through mangrove channels or laze under the palms, take an off-beat safari in the wilds of Gorongosa National Park, wander along cobbled streets past stately colonial-era buildings on world heritage site of Ilha de Moçambique, sip a café espresso at one of Maputo’s lively sidewalk cafés (or beer like Laurentina, Manica and 2Ms at one of its restaurants, jazz bars), watch the silversmiths at work on Ibo Island or dance to the country’s trademark marrabenta music.

The Government is keenly interested in developing the tourism sector as one of the economic growth engines. The development of adequate facilities along coastal beaches and marine reserves is seen as key to the success of tourism strategy. In addition, development of wildlife tourism in the Niassa Game Reserve, the Maputo Elephant Reserve, and the border area with Kruger National Park is viewed as potentially viable, subject to adequate arrangements being made and implemented for the involvement of local communities.

The following priority tourism investment opportunities have been identified in the SADC Tourism Investment Promotion Report, on Leisure in beaches, lodges and infrastructure (roads, water, electricity and tourism related servicing) and environment Conservation Areas (parks and reserves)

10. Transport and communications
The Mozambican transport and communication sector is a large and complex one, as the transport cover maritime, airways, roadways including ports (sea and dry), airports and road ports, the communications cover meteorology, postal and telecommunications. Each one of the sub areas have its owns body (as Institutor Nacional da Aviação Civil – INAC, Instituto Nacional de Viação – INATER, Instituto Nacional das Comunicações de Moçambique – INCM, Instituto Nacional de Metereologia – INAM). The sector is under Ministry of Transport and Communications (MTC).

Mozambique has 2,700Km of coast, the third largest coastal extension in Africa representing a potential to develop the industry of transport and communication at national, regional and international levels.

Transport and communications is the second largest contributing sector to GDP.
The Beira Railway Company consortium, led by the Indian group, RITES (Rail India Technical and Economic Services) and Ircon International, failed to achieve the complete overhaul of the Sena rail line’s 670 km to a capacity of 3 million tonnes per year within the contractual terms, prompting the take-over of the line by the GOM.
The Sena Railway line was supposed to have its capacity doubled to 6 million tonnes per year by 2013, although this will still be insufficient to meet demand. Additional rail lines from Tete are now under construction, such as Vale’s sponsored proposal to build a 500 km connection, through Malawi, from Moatize to the northern line that serves the Nacala port, where the implementation of a new USD 1.5 billion coal terminal is planned.
The construction of Sena’s parallel rail line, linked to the Quelimane seaport, which is being rehabilitated, has also been approved. In parallel, Beira’s seaport coal terminal upgrade from 1.8 million to 6 million tonnes per year was supposed to be finished during 2012, with possible further expansion to 20 million in 2014.
The construction of a network of main corridors is currently underway, with the Milange-Mocuba and the Nampula-Cuamba road projects, respectively costing USD 100 million and USD 250 million, now beginning.
In 2012 the transports and communications registered a grow of 14.2 percent in railways and roads sub sectors including its attached services.

Table IX.B – Transport and communication growth rate

Designation rate
BL 2011 PL 2012 BL 2012
Railway 24,9 81,2 94,5
Roads 10,6 11,4 8,9
Pipelines 136,6 7,1 28,2
Maritime -15.5 28,7 3,5
Air 9,6 8,1 6,0
Transport service 30,5 31,1 25,8
Communication 18,4 15,4 14,9
Total 14,8 16,9 14,2

The railway coal transport specifically had increased 94.5 percent due the coal transportation, as well as the transportation of commodities from hinterland countries had influenced the growth in 126.9 percent. While the passengers transportation registered 11 percent.

The road transportation grow was 8.9 percent as a results of the introduction of 150 buses and the semi collective transportation growth was 9.7 percent and its expansion followed by the service demand in peri urban areas. In other hand, the air transportation increases in 6 percent.

10.1 Port logistics

Mozambique’s geographical setting makes it an ideal transit route for the international trade of neighbouring landlocked countries of Zimbabwe, Swaziland and Malawi as also the northeastern Transvaal region of Republic of South Africa. The rail distances to Mozambican ports being considerably shorter than those to alternative ports results in a major comparative advantage in transit transport costs.

The Mozambican port logistics has been attribute the Logistics performance Index (LPI ) of 1.92 which below the medium (1 -very low and 5 very high) placing at 149 of 162 total countries.

Freight, Shipping & Logistics organisations in Mozambique

1 Allex Logístics 18 Institute for the Promotion of Export
2 AMI 19 JJ Transportes
3 Anchor Logistics Ltd 20 King & Sons Ltd
4 Association of Road Freight Transport Companies of Maputo (ASTROCAMA) 21 Kuehne & Nagel Mozambique Ltd
5 Beira Cargo Handling Ltd 22 Limperse Ltd
6 Bobby Transportes 23 Machava Transport Mozambique Beira
7 Correios de Mozambique EP 24 Manica Freight Services Mozambique
8 Danmo 25 Mediterranean Shipping Co.
9 Debala Shipping Ltd 26 Ministry of Transport & Communications
10 Diamond Shipping Servicesa
27 Moz Star Ltd
11 F&M Transport Co. 28 Mozambique Transport Brokers
12 FH Bertling Logistics Ltd 29 Naval Services to Shipping Ltd
13 Freight Services Moç Ltd 30 ndico Logístics
14 Gac Mozambique Maritime Services Ltd 31 Nuro Momede Transport Co.
15 HCL Transportes 32 Rohlig-Grindrod Limitada
16 Ideal Transport Ltd
33 Rogers International Distribution Services
17 Ingar International Packers & Forwarders

Mozambique has three important transport corridors each consisting of integrated railways and port facilities serving primarily regional transit traffic. The expansion of Maputo’s seaport capacity from 100 million to 700 million tonnes per year is underway, as well as rehabilitation of Nacala’s seaport container terminals. At Nacala’s airport, a USD 120 million project 66 percent financed by a loan from Brazil, is expected to be finished in 2013. Also the USD 300 million Vilanculos airport project was concluded in 2011. Additional airport hubs are programmed for Pemba and Tete totalling a USD 420 million investment.

The Mozambican rail and port Authority, manages and operates the transport system. The Maputo Corridor system operated by CFM-Sul comprises the main Port of Maputo and the subsidiary Port of Matola and three rail connections linking the port with the South Africa, Swaziland and Zimbabwe.

The Beira Corridor is has two rail connections linking the port with the Zimbabwe and Malawi and a pipeline to Zimbabwe.

The Nacala Corridor system operated by CFM-Norte comprises the Port of Nacala and the rail link to Malawi.

Private intervention in managing port and rail assets is undertaken through lease. Thus, since October 1998, Cornelder de Moçambique SARL, has been responsible for managing the general cargo and container Terminal in Beira Port. The Port of Maputo, is managed by MPDC (Maputo Port Development Company), since April 2003, the concession allows MPDC to take legal and operational control of Maputo Port. The Northern system (the Nacala Port and northern railways) is under management of SDCN (Nacala Development Corridor).

Maputo Port
The Maputo Port is managed by Maputo MPDC, since Abril of 2003, is a concession of a period of 25 years and recently was added 15 year to allow additional investments under the port strategic development. The Maputo Port has the following terminals:
General Dock Shipment – managed by Maputo Produce Terminal.

Coasting Shipment Terminal – management by TCM (Terminal de Cabotagem de Maputo).

Container Terminal – managed by DP World Maputo,

Sugar Terminal – managed by STAM (Sociedade Terminais de Açucar de Moçambique).

Fuel Terminal – managed by CFM.

Molasses Terminal – management of Maputo Liquid Storage Company Lda (MLSC).

Vehicle Terminal – managed by Grindroad Terminals

Matola Coal Terminal – managed TCM (Terminal de Carvão da Matola)

Terminal Graneleiro da Matola – a modern terminal operated by STEMA (Silos e Terminal Graneleiro da Matola)

Port of Beira

The Port of Beira comprised by 12 docks and the access is done by Macuti channel.
The containers Terminal and multi proposes operated by Cornelder B.V. and has a general Dock Shipment, Fuel Terminal and Cold Store Terminal.

Coal Beira Terminal

The CBT underwent temporary refurbishment work between 2010/11, is expected to be fully operational in 2015.
The works included emergency dredging costing US$43 million that made it possible for the port to received ships with Deadweight Tonnage (DWT) of 60,000, as compared to receiving ships with a capacity of up to 30,000 DWT previously.
The reconstruction of the Sena railroad will make it possible to, increase the annual volume of cargo processed at the port of Beira, up to 20 million tons per year, mainly by exporting coal from Moatize.
Mining companies VALE Moçambique and Riversdale Mining, later acquired by the Rio Tinto group, in 2010 signed a memorandum of understanding with CFM, in order to temporarily repair the terminal at the Beira Port to export the Moatize coal.
The two companies were given coal processing and export capacities of 5 million tons per year, and Vale Moçambique took up most of the terminal’s capacity – 68 percent – and Riversdale Mining the remaining 32 percent.

Quelimane Port

Managed by Cornelder de Quelimane in a joint venture with CFM

Nacala Port

Shipment Terminal and Containers Terminal
CDN´s concession

Terminal para Granéis Líquidos
Managed by CFM.

Porto de Pemba
Located in Pemba Bay with excellent natural shelter conditions.
Nacala Coal Terminal

The construction of NCT has started, with the aim of having it operational in two to three years. The will have a total capacity of 25 million tons of coal per year.
The VALE was planning to spend $4.4 billion in 2012 to build the terminal and a 912km railway line connecting its coalmine with the port. The railway and port will initially be able to move 18 million tons of coal a year to meet Vale’s rising demand for export capacity.
Despite important progress in the modernization of Mozambique’s port systems, there is still a time lag between an increase in demand and the development of infrastructure projects to meet that demand.

The port of Beira is insufficient to manage the 20–25 million tones of coal that can be produced in Tete, but after completion and upgrading of logistics infrastructure the ports will be interconnected.

One The Nacala Port overcomes its infrastructure challenges the country will be able to attract more cargo transit from its neighbors and connect the emerging countries.

The implications for transport infrastructure are direct. And one of the main economic drivers for the development of the Moatize–Nacala railway is the potential for coal export from the Tete area.

The railway will pass through Malawi, as other routes, such as staying within the Mozambican border to circumvent Malawi, do not make any sense. This creates the challenge of defining and relying on regional agreements and building regional infrastructure in coordination with Malawi.

On average, the combination of multimodal transport infrastructure and recently improved logistics is increasingly positioning Mozambique as one of the countries with the lowest costs of trading across borders.

The cost of export and import in Mozambique are about 60 percent of the average costs in Sub-Saharan Africa, and the time required to export and import is around 70 percent of the Sub-Saharan average.

Table X.B – Trading across borders in Southern African Countries

country Documents to export (number) Time to export (days) Cost to export ($ per container) Documents to import (number) Time to import (days) Cost to import ($ per container)
Angola 11 65 2,250 8 59 3,240
Botswana 6 30 2,810 9 41 3,264
Lesotho 6 44 1,549 8 49 1,515
Madagascar 4 21 1,279 9 26 1,660
Malawi 11 41 1,713 10 51 2,570
Mauritus 5 14 737 6 14 689
Mozambique 7 23 1,100 10 30 1,475
Namíbia 11 29 1,686 9 24 1,813
Swaziland 9 21 2,184 11 33 2,249
Zambia 6 53 2,664 9 64 3,335
Zimbabwe 7 53 3,280 9 73 5,101
Sub-Saharan Africa 8 34 1,942 9 39 2,365

Source: Doing Business 2009

Mozambique transports and logistics must be competitive as literature offers substantial evidence that its improvement can greatly increase export performance within the country and across the region. In other hand the improvement of the transport infrastructure may help to reduce transport costs, while dynamic regulatory framework adaptation in shipping and liberalizing port services may also lead to a reduction in transport costs and lead to the better country positioning in Doing Business and LPI.

Spatial Development Planning,

The PARP 2011-2014 closing the infrastructure gap within this context the transports through the roads has a role to play in facilitating production, trade, logistics, reducing of regional development imbalance, and supporting economic growth.

Considering that, Mozambique lies at a regional crossroad within Southern African Development Community (SADC), providing access to several landlocked countries in the region, including Zimbabwe, Zambia and Malawi. Hence, some of the major regional corridors pass through the country. To maximise the economic utilisation of this position, and to support regional integration within the SADC region, the Government has placed the development of regional corridors as one of its key priorities.

The GOM, through its MTC, has prioritized the application of SDI tool, the use of the spatial development initiatives (SDI) methodology, as a means to promote integrated economic and infrastructure development in the country along number of priority development corridors. A GOM SDI Unity has been established and coordinates the implementation of a number of SDIs in Mozambique.

Beyond the 3 main development corridors, Maputo, Beira and Nacala the SDP has identified sub corridors such as Libombo Corridor with potential to be linked with the planned Techobanine Port in south of Maputo; Limpopo Corridor; Massagena Corridor; Dondo Corridor; Sena Corridor; Mutuali Corridor; Lichinga Corridor, Cuamba Corridor and Mueda Corridor.

The GOM SDP is guided by an Inter-Ministerial Committee of National Ministers and Provincial Governors, convened by the Deputy Minister of Planning and chaired by the Minister of Transport and Communications. The Minister of MTC has also established an expert advisory panel made up of senior national and international experts.

Taking into account the multi-donor work being undertaken by the GOM SDP Unit, a Donor Coordination Committee was established to monitor the process, coordinate different funded inputs and activities and act as a forum for exchange between the stakeholders, to avoid duplication, to ensure alignment and harmonization of the SDP programme activities.

Various development partners are active in Mozambique in area of infrastructure, including the African Development Bank (AfDB), the World Bank (WB), the Islamic Development Bank (IsDB), the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC), the UK’s Department for International Development (DfID), and the European Commission (EC). This is in addition to JICA, Korea’s EXIM Bank (KEXIM), the United Nations, and USAID. Several countries also provide various types of assistance through bilateral assistance agencies, such as Sweden, Portugal and others. In the transport sector AfDB, WB, JICA, EC, MCC, KEXIM and IsDB are the most active partners.

For instance The AfDB has been leading the working group for the roads sector, the Transport Sector Working Group, which is currently led by the World Bank. As chair of the roads sector working group, the AfDB has a strong presence in the sector, which enables it to engage thoroughly in sector-wide planning and prioritization.

Table XI.B – Donor Coordination

Sector or subsector size
GDP (10711) Exports Labour Force (11)
Transport sector -10.10% N/A 6.20%
Players -Public Annual Expenditure (average) 2011 in Roads Subsector
Government Donors WB 20%
USD USD AfDB 15%
0.32 billions 1.28 billion JICA 10%
20% 80% EU 8%
IsDB 2%
others 45%
Level of Donor Coordination
Existence of Thematic Working Groups yes
Existence of SWAps or Integrated Sector Approaches yes

The coordination activities at all levels are crucial for the success of infrastructure gap filling and the SDP as within the GOM sectors, through development partners working groups and private sector. It goes further as special planning influence distribution of people, production of goods and services in spaces at different levels. And the Mozambican SDP requires the land use, urban, regional, transport and environment planning, including the economic and community planning.

Nevertheless, the GOM thought the SDP strategy define that the logistics system must guarantee the movement of products and people with accurate level of productivity, quick enough with lower cost. The strategies goes further, on logistics and transport demand stating that movement of goods concentrated in the corridors with integrated production, inter and multi modal transport calling for the participation of national private sector, which can be seen as a preferential position contrary to the liberalization positioning of the donor community.

10.2 Telecommunications
The Mozambican telecommunications market is one of the less developed markets in sub-Saharan Africa, although a concerted effort has been underway for the past years to correct this situation.

Development of the ground line network came to a standstill during the protracted civil war and the network suffered heavy damage. In 2011 there was 88,100 ground lines, with 7,855 millions mobile phones.

There is only one fixed line company (Telecomunicações de Moçambique) and three mobile operators (Mcel, Vodacom and Movitel) active in the market. The first and the second networks service primarily larger urban areas with minimal rural coverage, while the third one targeted first peri urban and rural areas.

Telecommunications operators in Mozambique are also bound to contribute one percent of their revenue to the universal access fund. The regulator uses this fund to open new bids for more competition in the market for vendors and other industry players. One segment in which competition is particularly necessary is infrastructure deployment, as only one organisation, the para-statal TDM, is involved in rollout countrywide. This is the main reason why services, particularly data services, are still very expensive.

The television and radio comprise the broadcast media. The television by one state-run TV station with 2 channels (TVM), supplemented by 3 private TV stations (STV, TIM, GunguTV); Portuguese state TV African service, RTP Africa, and Brazilian-owned TV Miramar are available.
The radio is comprised by one state-run radio provides nearly 100 percent territorial coverage and broadcasts in multiple languages; a number of privately-owned and community-operated stations; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are also available.
The communication increase in 14.9 percent as a result diversification particular the mobile network. The planned expansion in PES2012 of telecommunication service to the administrative post did not take place due the delays of the delivering of equipment as reported by BdPES2013.
The liberalization of telecommunications had provided the expansion of telecommunications backbone, the establishment of 2 submarine cable, the growing of mobile service and the reduction prices paid by the consumers.

The mobile telecommunications

Mozambique is one of the clear cases where telecommunications leapfrogging has found a fertile ground, leading to achievements in the ICT. Introduction of competition in the mobile segment in 2003 has also brought benefits. Population covered by a Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) signal.
A new mobile operator, Movitel, started operations in 2012 and joined the existing Vodacom and Mcel. Movitel is a USD 400 million joint venture between Viettel, a telecommunications company owned by the Vietnamese Defence Ministry, and SPI (Gestão e Investimentos) the holding company of Mozambique’s ruling Frelimo Party.
Analysis from Frost & Sullivan reveals that Mozambique currently has around 4.5 million mobile subscribers. By 2015, this could reach 30.7 million at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 30 per cent.

Frost & Sullivan’s analysis report that the mobile communications market in Mozambique was worth $300m in 2008 and will multiply six-fold by 2015 to reach $1.8bn. These high revenues will be partly due to the high cost of services, especially data.
The development of the mobile market has been part of the Mozambican government’s institutional reforms that include the inception of a sector policy, the establishment of a regulatory body (the National Communications Institute of Mozambique, or INCM), the creation of a universal service fund, and the progressive liberalization of the telecommunications market, including the ending of exclusivity for the incumbent of TDM.

Despite improvements in the mobile market, in 2008 Mozambique’s penetration was the third-lowest in southern Africa, nevertheless in 2012 the penetration index was 48 percent. The recent launched of a third mobile operator MOVITEL (three companies were short listed in July 2010 following a tender) is helping to extend coverage, lower prices, and increase penetration. Remaining coverage gaps could be met through the universal service fund. The introduction of telecommunication basic services is still a challenge due the quality of service and the high cost

Table XII.B Mobile phone penetration

Country 2005 2006 2007 2008 Average annual growth
Angola 10 18 28 38 58
Botswana 31 44 61 77 36
Lesotho 13 18 22 28 32
Madagascar 3 6 12 25 106
Malawi 3 4 7 12 58
Mauritus 53 62 74 81 16
Mozambique 7 11 14 20 40
Namíbia 22 30 38 49 30
South Africa 72 84 88 92 9
Swaziland 18 22 33 46 37
Zambia 8 14 21 28 52
Zimbabwe 5 7 10 13 37
Simple average 21 27 35 43 41

Source: Frost & Sullivan

In the case of mobile telephony, much of the population—up to 87 percent—could be reached on a commercially viable basis, taking into account that MOVITEL had prioritized to target the rural areas and to provide Internet.
The telecommunication 2004 strategy is being revised with participation of service providers, private sector, academia and civil society. For meetings were organized in the Maputo, Beira and Nampula cities in order to collect information on technology advance, convergence of technology and service, licensing and need to be in line with the good practices in the world.

11. Mode 4
Mode 4 is the last supply mode of WTO (GATS) trade in service. GATS constitutes the most comprehensive of all WTO agreements aiming at progressive liberalization for trade in services through four modes, Mode I cross border supply, Mode II consumption abroad Mode III commercial presence and Mode IV movement of natural persons.

The objectives and principles of SADC trade in services negotiations are based on progressive liberalization stated on SADC Trade in Service Protocol that aim to promote interdependence and integration of its member states economies. The protocol promotes regional service market, complemented by cooperation mechanisms, in order to create new opportunities for a dynamic business sector, also aims to reinforce the regional capacity provide the efficient services and expand the regional export service, in line with national policies.

Nevertheless the services must respect the rights and member states obligations in GATS WTO, including the obligations under the specific sector commitments of Mode 1, 2, 3 and 4.
The SADC negotiations requirement must follow the request/offer approach, down to the line of the negotiations each member states must submit at least one offer and some improvement in each one of prioritised sectors.

The negotiations are conducted by the TNF-Service which in turn must submit the regularly reports to the high officials meetings and to the Commerce Ministers Committee.

Under the description of Mode 4 commitment, the member states must make reference to the physical people included in GATS, including, a) workers temporarily transferred by the enterprise; b) business visitors; c) contracted services providers; and d) free lance professionals.

The member states must make efforts to include commitments related to the people categories not linked to any commercial presence or any lower level competency. In addition, the member states must consider other relevant classification international recognised, including the International Classification of the Economics Activities of ILO , linked to the Mode 4 Commitments.

The assessment undertaken by the SADC secretariat on the initial offer and request in SADC trade in services negotiations as defined under the 17th TNF services till August 2012 states that only 4 states, Lesotho, Mauritius, South Africa and Zambia had presented request. The Request targeted almost all member states with some exceptions.

In general, the member states request are aiming to cover a broad sub sectors covering commitments Mode 1, 2, 3 and the few requests aiming specific to the Mode 4 referred in the horizontal commitments in telecommunications, audiovisual, courier, telecommunications, transport (air, road and its support)

In some cases the member states request aim to confirm the commitments that the member states have under the GATS, for instance in case of banking commitments of Malawi and Mozambique and probable due the incompatibility with the applied at national and bilateral commitments.

12. Conclusions
The Mozambican economy increase and stability, the envisage large investments in natural resources will shape Mozambique and increase service demand can potentially alter the country’s prospects in the medium if liberalisation opportunities are taken and reduce the risks are reduced.
The present report is renewing the 2007 findings of what was considered opportunities, the improving country bargaining position in negotiations, the promotion investment, the access of technology and the increase compositeness among the national service providers. As it is already reported the sectors not only face trade in service negotiations lack of capacity but they lack on basic understanding of the matter. The GOM must act quickly with capacity building programme to fill the gap otherwise the Mozambique GATS commitments are in risk.

The increase investments in Mozambique is clear opportunity for the local service providers as it can stimulate de demand of services supply of local providers, but most often the corporations negotiate the investment package with CPI which its main objectives is to attract investment not to offer preferential treatment. Nevertheless, in the case of equal treatment as in case of liberalization the local service provider are risking to face competition and in order to survive they must address the skills deficit in human resources investment in technical and vocational training.

Traditionally women are active in the agricultural, informal sector, and other low-paid occupations while men are moving to pursue higher earnings in other sectors including service. Improving participation of women in service can would boost economic growth and reduce poverty. Additionally the participation of women in service will have positive implications for equity, social cohesion, welfare and down the line it is also to reduce economic inefficiencies as women are very active in cross border trading within region and international the telecommunication liberalization followed by data and information projects providing platform for trade exchanges through cell phones are clear opportunities to be explored.

The increase of transport service present a risk on increasing the number of HIV&AIDs infections among the corridors as the prevalence is much higher in the central provinces of Sofala, Manica, Tete and Zambezia, with Sofala having the highest rate of 26.5% (2002). The central region hosts the transport corridors from neighbouring countries to the ports of Nacala and Beira.
Opportunities Risks
Banking SADC Trade negotiations bargain reinforced; Disaster risks financing, expanding the scope, ITC, increase debts (international and public) International shocks, Portuguese crises, South Africa Rand, Chinese financial policy, Dutch Disease,
Energy Economic growth, reduced demand of vegetal coal, expectation, royalties, tax revenue Environment, competition, Deforestation, expectations,
Port Logistics Environment, private sector, tax revenue Competition (South Africa and Tanzania)
Insurance Disaster risks, Mode4, tax revenue Global trends, increase of investments
Transport Job creation, Mode4, poverty reduction, tax revenue Deforestation, expectations, HIV&AIDs, labour standards
Tourism Job creation, Mode4, diversification, carbon quotas, tax revenue Land conflicts, expectations, environment, oversee
Telecommunications Information and data, e-taxation, diversification, ITC Sovereignty reduced, oversee

The conservation areas and coastal districts are particularly environment risks because their fragility. But the tourism’s linkages to transport, agriculture, food and beverage, retail, financial services, and construction sectors offer compelling job creation and economic growth opportunities.

Many of the major coastal cities of Mozambique are still to provide green have infrastructure placing them against extreme events, the planning, building and maintenance will require professional service to be provided by the local and regional level and to include the Mode IV Mozambican commitment is essential.

13. References
AfDB Appraisal. (2012). Nacala Road Corridor Phase III. (http://www.afdb .org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/Mozambique %20-%20Nacala%20Road%20Corridor%20Project%20–%20Phase%20III%20-%20Appraisal%20Report.pdf)

Amarcy S & Massingue N. (2011). Desafios da Expansão de Serviços Financeiros em Moçambique. IESE. Maputo.

Bila A, Chambal H & V. Tamele. (2007). Opportunities and Risks to Liberalise Service. ITSC. Geneve.

MIC-DRI. (2013). Relatório do Seminário Comércio de Serviços SADC Protocolo das Trocas Comerciais

Mozambique. (2012). (www.africaneconomicoutlook.org)
MTC (2009). Estratégia para o Desenvolvimento Integrado do Sistema de Transportes. Moçambique.

Nadaudc A at al (2007). Energy Outlook for Mozambique 2012-2030 LEAP-based scenarios for energy demand and power generation. IESE. Maputo

SADC. (2012). Avaliação do Progresso Feito no Processo de Solictação e Oferta Avaliação Preliminar de Pedidos Iniciais.

SADC. Projecto de Directrizes sobre a Calendarização e Negociação Primeira Ronda de Negociações da SADC sobre o Comércio de Serviços

Sam Jones Hanifa Ibrahimo (2007) The Economic Contribution of Tourism in Mozambique -Present and Future-. Paper 18. IESE

Torres CD & Garmendia CB (2011). Mozambique’s Infrastructure: A Continental Perspective. World Bank. Washington.

UNCTAD. (2012). Investiment Policy Review. Geneve

UN-DESASD, UNWTO, CECE, OECD. (2008). Tourism Satellite Account: Recommended Methodological Framework. Luxembourg, Madrid, New York, Paris.

Venter SH. (http://www.telecoms.com/16000/opportunities-and-challenges/) Frost & Sullivan

World Bank (2012). Disaster Risk Financing and Insurance in Sub- Saharan Africa. http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources /750610WP0P12390 andInsuranceNov20120.pdf
WTTC. (2012). Travel & Tourism economic impact 2012 Mozambique.

WTO. (2008). Mozambique Trade Policy. http://www.scribd.com/doc/51476105/WTO-Trade-Policy-Review-Mozambique-2009

14. Institutions and people contacted
Antonio Jopela – Ministério dos Transportes e Comunicações
Agonias Macia – DRI, Ministério da Industria e Comércio
Cosntâncio Trigo – Departamento Juridico, INCM
Edmundo Manhiça – Comunicações, ICM
Elias Sitoe – Instituto de Inspeção de Seguros
Dinça Massinga – Departamento Jurídico, Ministério do Turismo
Julio Amade – Departamento Jurídico, Ministério do Turismo
Sofia Rosario – Maktech Telecommunications
João Jorge – Assessor, INCM
Jorge Matule – ICB, International Commercial Bank
Manuel Gune – DRI, Ministério da Industria e Comércio
Maria Albertina Gomes – DRI, Ministério da Industria e Comércio
Maria Madalena Nhantumbo – KICAN Correctores de Seguros
Nelson Albano – Instituto de Inspeção de Seguros
Stephen Grammiling – GIZ