Archive

reports

1. Introdução

1.1 Panorama Económico

Moçambique alcançou um crescimento impressionante numa média de 7,2% na última década. A continuidade do alto investimento pelo fluxo do Investimento Directo Estrangeiro (IDE), principalmente na indústria extractiva, com forte crescimento agrícola e os investimentos em infra-estrutura pode ter impulsionado o crescimento de 7,5 e 7,9% em 2012 e 2013. O desafio económico estrutural de médio prazo para Moçambique é a ampliação da base fiscal. Tendo em conta o previsto decréscimo da ajuda ao orçamento era de 51,4% a 31,6% entre 2010 e 2012.

FONTE: IMF
Moçambique tem um índice de crescimento 2,8% que é considerado alto e cada ano estima-se que 300 000 jovens são procuram o mercado de emprego. O actual crescimento do índice económico tem sido sustentados por projectos de capitais intensivos, particularmente da industria extractiva.
Tabela – PIB por sector
Descrição 2006 2010
Agricultura, florestas, pesca & caça 27.9 30.9
Mineração 1.4 1.5
Manufactura 16 13.2
Electricidade, gás e água 5.8 4.7
Construção 3.2 3.1
Comércio, hotéis e restaurantes 15.5 17.9
Transporte, logística e comunicações 10 10.1
Finanças, real estate e serviços de negócios 8.9 7
Administração Publica, educação e saúde. 4 4
Outros serviços 7.3 7.6
Produção Doméstica Bruta a preços básicos / custo factor 100 100

Fonte: Economic Outlook dados estimados
A forte expansão económica tem promovido o investimento em infra-estruturas, desenvolvidas em torno dos três principais corredores logísticos (Maputo, Beira e Nacala) que servem as exportações de carvão, e de ligação com os países do hinterland.
2. Os Transportes em Moçambique

Moçambique tem 2.700 quilómetros de costa, a terceira maior extensão de litoral na África representando um potencial para desenvolver a indústria de transportes a nível nacional, regional e internacional. A posição geográfica de Moçambique ao longo do Oceano Índico e a existência de portos naturais, confere ao pais uma grande vantagem comparativa no que diz respeito ao acesso aos mercados, ao mesmo tempo que confere grande responsabilidade na criação de condições de acessibilidade ao mar dos países do interior.

Tabela – Índice de crescimento de Transportes e Comunicações

Designação Índice
BL 2011 PL 2012 BL 2012
Caminhos de Ferro 24,9 81,2 94,5
Estradas 10,6 11,4 8,9
Pipelines 136,6 7,1 28,2
Marítimo -15.5 28,7 3,5
Aéreo 9,6 8,1 6,0
Serviços de Transportes 30,5 31,1 25,8
Comunicações 18,4 15,4 14,9
Total 14,8 16,9 14,2

Os transportes contribuíram com cerca de 10% do PIB em 2009, o que lhe conferiu a terceira posição nos sectores de economia que directamente galvanizam o crescimento económico. Em 2012, os transportes registaram um crescimento de 14,2% em ferrovias e estradas, incluindo os seus serviços. Contudo, se considerarmos que essa contribuição resulta fortemente da prestação de serviços aos países do hinterland, se deduz que o sector de transportes desempenha ainda um papel incipiente no desenvolvimento dos sectores líderes da economia. De facto, a percepção prevalecente é a de que a exiguidade de infra-estruturas e serviços de transporte limita o desenvolvimento económico do País.

O sistema de transportes constitui um factor determinante para a coesão social e territorial, e para conferir uma maior competitividade. Para que o sistema desempenhe o seu papel de se dar atenção especial à melhoria das infra-estruturas ao nível nacional, tendo em conta as necessidades de equidade e solidariedade de todos os cidadãos na garantia da sua mobilidade e dos seus bens.

O uso eficiente de uma sistema de transportes pressupõe a existência de uma rede de subsistemas de transportes rodoviários, ferroviários, aéreos e marítimos que funcionem de uma forma interligada. E ainda, as ligações entre os subsistemas que constituem nós logísticos operacionais e eficientes quer para a carga, quer para passageiros. O que poderá racionalizar os custos, aumentar a acessibilidade e amplia as opções dos cidadãos e dos investidores em geral.

Moçambique tem três importantes corredores de transporte cada uma consistindo de ferrovias integradas e instalações portuárias que servem de trânsito do tráfego, principalmente regional. A expansão da capacidade portuária de Maputo de 100 a 700 milhões de toneladas por ano está em andamento, bem como a reabilitação dos terminais de contentores do Porto de Nacala. Na transformação da base aérea de Nacala em aeroporto investiu-se US120 milhões projecto de 66% financiado por um empréstimo do Brasil, está prevista para ser concluída em 2013. O projecto do Aeroporto Vilanculos avaliado em USD300 milhões foi concluído em 2011. O renovação de outros aeroportos estão programadas (Pemba e Tete) totalizando US420 milhões de investimento.

O sector dos transporte em Moçambique é constituído por um sistema de 4 modos de transporte que compreendem o aéreo (aeroportos), o ferroviário (linhas férreas), o marítimo (portos), o rodoviário (estradas).

Cada uma das subáreas tem seu inserção institucional, o Instituto Nacional da Aviação Civil – INAC, Instituto Nacional de Transportes Terrestres – INATER, o Instituto Nacional de Hidrologia (INAHINA). O sector dos transportes, está sob a alçada do Ministério dos Transportes e Comunicações (MTC).

3. A Estratégia e reestruturação dos transportes

A localização geográfica de Moçambique faz com que seja uma rota de trânsito ideal para o comércio internacional dos países sem litoral, Zâmbia, Zimbabwé, Swazilândia e Malawi, bem como a região noroeste da República da África do Sul. Em 2009 Moçambique aprovou a sua Estratégia Integrada dos Transportes, que a ser implementado, o crescimento económico e o desenvolvimento do País poderá acontecer de uma forma equilibrado. Com a integração do transporte marítimo e portos; o transporte ferroviário; o transporte hidroviário; o transporte aéreo; o transporte rodoviário.

3.1 Os Transportes Marítimos e Portos

O transporte marítimo, sobretudo as travessias pelo pais é garantido pela Transmaritima e recentemente no caso de Maputo Catembe opera também uma pequena empresa privada (Mapapato). Enquanto que a ligação entre Malawi e Moçambique ao longo do Lago Niassa é feito pela Emocil e a Malawi Shiping Company. A Transmaritima que apesar de ter uma limitada frota de barcos e não cobre todas as travessias nacionais tem um destaque considerável. E sob ponto de vista de trabalhadores ligados ao transporte o seu universo é limitado, porém os trabalhadores são permanentes.

O transporte marítimo tem a grande vantagem de não exigir infra estruturas de rede, por isso é preferido, no que concerne ao transporte de carga para longas distancia sobretudo nos trajectos internacionais. Porém por inerência, complementaridade e competitividade, o transporte marítimo é por excelência a opção de primazia para Moçambique.

Os portos são vitais para a competitividade de produção na área de sua influência, tendo um peso enorme no cômputo dos custos globais nas transacções comerciais. A experiência dos últimos anos de transformação do modo de gestão dos Portos e Caminhos de Ferro, mostra que as privatizações falharam redondamente quanto a eficiência e competitividade.

Há cerca de 3 anos atrás foi aberto uma rota de transporte marítimo fluvial entre os municípios de Maputo e Matola e para a sua execução foi disponibilizado uma barco que subia e descia a baía de Maputo. De acordo com o então titular do MTC pretendia-se uma alternativa aos transporte semi-colectivo, mas resultou num autentico fracasso. Muitas razões podem ser apontadas para tal, a morosidade do barco, o seu alto preço, a fraca afluência dos passageiros, etc.

Apesar de se verificar investimentos em certos portos, a situação de eficiência e eficácia de transporte e logística não melhorou muito nos últimos 5 anos até hoje. E o impacto perante os trabalhadores também é estacionário, mesmo depois da liberalização dos transportes.

3.2 Os Transportes Ferroviário

O transporte ferroviário é considerado o mais adequado para cargas a granel e para grandes distancias. A maior capacidade de carga e a facilidade de transportar qualquer tipo de carga confere ao transporte ferroviário a possibilidade de redução significativa de custos por unidade de peso.

O transporte ferroviário em Moçambique conheceu pouca evolução se considerarmos a sua importância estratégica. Com efeito, as linhas férreas existentes foram concebidas quase que exclusivamente para promover o escoamento dos produtos de origem internacional de e para os países vizinhos de Moçambique.

Entre 2011 e 2012, o transporte carga ferroviário aumentou 94,5% devido transporte do carvão, bem como o transporte de mercadorias de países interior que tinha influenciado o crescimento em 126,9%. Embora o transporte de passageiros tenha registado um aumento de 11%.

O crescimento do sector foi influenciado pela industria extractiva que opera com as suas próprias locomotivas alugando a linha a CFM. Apesar dos dados da SINPOEC indicarem que os trabalhadores ferroviário estão a aumentarem o numero de trabalhadores ligados ao transporte poderia ser significativo.

Mesmo assim, os trabalhadores ferroviários vinculados aos CFM são permanentes, porém porque as multinacionais que exploram a extracção de carvão lhes são concedidas as linhas férreas aonde operam as suas locomotivas, mesmo estas não tendo tal vocação e como subcontratam este serviço e esta por sua praticam o “outsourcing” de mão de obra.

3.3 Os Transportes Hidroviários

Moçambique possui uma rede hidroviária considerável e praticamente sub-utilizada para transporte, que a ser utilizada, mesmo que seja para pequenas cargas (sobretudo as de origem agrícola familiar) aumentará expressivamente a competitividade dos produtos transportados.

Para que o transporte hidroviário tenha expressão na economia nacional, deve ser integrado nos outros sistemas modais e permitir que os transportes de pequenas quantidades de produtos de origem e destino rural possam usar este meio para os grandes nós logísticos, que funcionado em escala serão integrados nos transportes de maiores volumes de carga.

O sucesso do uso de via marítima e hidrográfica para transporte de carga e de passageiros depende muito da existência de uma industria naval. Esta, tal como o transporte de cabotagem tem vindo a decrescer nos últimos anos por várias razões. Importa tomar medidas estratégicas de reversão dessa tendência e criar mecanismos que possam estabelecer, operar, expandir e consolidar a indústria naval nacional.

3.4 Os Transportes Aéreos

O transporte aéreo da companhia nacional LAM que apesar de ter uma pequena frota de aviões é a única que liga 9 das capitais provinciais do pais. E sob ponto de vista de trabalhadores ligados ao transporte o seu universo é limitado, porém são trabalhadores permanentes. As outras companhias não são nacionais e ligam maioritariamente a capital do pais, sendo que ocasionalmente ensaio voos para mais uma ou mais capitais provinciais.
Muitos serviços ligados aos transporte aéreo foram são terciarizados logo depois da entrada do país no multipartidarismo. Sendo assim, existem várias empresas que prestam serviços associados aos transportes aéreos, desde o aluguer de veículos, agencias de viagens, companhias aéreas, bancos, fornecimento de combustíveis, restaurantes, comércio, segurança, porém 3 serviços mereceram alguma descrição, ou seja gestão aeroportuária e manuseamento de carga.

A Aeroportos de Moçambique, E.P., também conhecida por sua sigla ADM EP, é uma empresa pública moçambicana responsável pela gestão dos aeroportos e aeródromos do país. A ADM gere o equipamento de controle de trafico aéreo nos aeroportos de Moçambique e facilita a navegação aérea no espaço nacional.

Agentes de Handling (Manuseamento de Carga) da LAM, à semelhança da prática internacional, a LAM estabeleceu acordos de Handling de Passageiros e Carga nos destinos em que opera. Assim, em Moçambique, o Handling de carga é realizado in-House com excepção dos Aeroportos de Maputo e Beira, onde o mesmo é realizado pela empresa MAHS (Mozambique Airport Handling Services).

A estratégia de desenvolvimento da Aviação Civil deve suportar o crescimento económico nacional através da melhoria do seu alinhamento com outras estratégias sectoriais, com prioridade dado ao mercado de turismo e o retirando obstáculos ao crescimento do sector dos transportes aéreos através de mecanismos regulares, negociação de acordos com entidades de relevância a nível nacional, regional e internacional.

Não obstante, o processo de liberalização do transporte aéreo em Moçambique apresenta-se com os desafios que ultrapassa a mera decisão politica ou administrativa de declarar o espaço aberto, pois a liberalização não será efectiva se não se verificar em simultâneo as condições de garantia de supervisão de segurança, conforto e capacidade adequada aos padrões aceitáveis para o fluxo de passageiros.

3.5 Os Transportes Rodoviários

A estratégia do sector dos transportes se debruça sobre a questão da mobilidade e acessibilidade com o aumento da oferta dos serviços ligado ao aumento paralelo de assistência técnica, conforto e segurança. Contudo, a aquisição e disponibilização de mais meios de transporte é uma condição necessária, mas não suficiente. É preciso que haja um suporte que garanta a manutenção e renovação da frota e a qualificação

Os transportes rodoviários que ocorrem em Moçambique, se subdividem em urbano, inter-urbano, inter provincial e internacional. A dominância do sistema de transportes rodoviário, induz distorções que se repercutam sobre o desenvolvimento económico e muitas vezes contribuem para a perpetuação dos desequilíbrios regionais.

Contrariamente aos outros modais de transporte, o parque automóvel do Pais tem estado a crescer exponencialmente em resposta ao crescimento económico do Pais.
Até Outubro de 2007 existiam 12 010 viaturas licenciadas, dos quais 9 120 transporte de passageiros, 8 126 Transporte urbano, 994 transporte inter provincial e 2 709 transporte de carga.

Os trabalhadores dos semi-colectivos e cobradores são na sua maioria informais, não te carteira profissional, não tem nenhum tipo de assistência e nem contribuem na acção social, desta forma os semi-colectivos violam a lei de trabalho em condescendência com as autoridades.

4. Os Operadores dos Transportes formais e concessões

4.1 Os operadores ferroviários e os portos

Os transportes ferroviários são realizado pelas empresas publicas de caminhos de ferro e respectivas concessões. Os caminhos de ferro se dividem em 3 empresas ferro-portuárias uma no sul (CFM-Sul, CFM-Centro e CFM-Norte) que se desdobram por concessões nas terminais e nas linhas ferroviárias, sendo assim, as autoridades ferro-portuária de Moçambique administram e operam o sistema de transporte. E no caso dos CFM até a criação da INATTER (Decreto nº32/2011) assumiam a regulação do sector na ausência de uma direcção dentro do MTC. Contudo, para além das locomotivas dos CFM rodam nas linhas férreas de Moçambique, locomotivas da Swazi Railways, Spoornet e as da multinacional VALE e os termos que estas locomotivas obedecem é tratado em privado entre as partes.

O sistema do Corredor de Maputo operada pela CFM-Sul compreende o principal Porto de Maputo, controla o Porto de Matola e três ligações ferroviárias de ligação do porto com a África do Sul, Suazilândia e Zimbabué. O Corredor da Beira tem duas ligações ferroviárias de ligação do porto com o Zimbabwe e Malawi e um gasoduto para Zimbabwe. O sistema do Corredor de Nacala operada pela CFM-Norte compreende o Porto de Nacala e a ligação ferroviária ao Malawi.

A intervenção privada na gestão de activos portuários e ferroviários é realizada através de arrendamento. Assim, desde Outubro de 1998, a Cornelder de Moçambique SARL, é responsável pela gestão da carga geral e terminal de contentores no Porto da Beira. O Porto de Maputo, é gerido pelo MPDC (Maputo Port Development Company), desde Abril de 2003, a concessão permite MPDC assumir o controle legal e operacional do Porto de Maputo. O sistema norte (do Porto de Nacala e ferrovias norte) está sob gestão da SDCN (Corredor de Desenvolvimento de Nacala).

4.2 O Porto de Maputo

O porto de Maputo é gerido pela Maputo MPDC, desde Abril de 2003, é uma concessão de um período de 25 anos e, recentemente, foi adicionado 15 anos para permitir investimentos adicionais no âmbito do desenvolvimento estratégico do porto. O Porto de Maputo tem os seguintes terminais:

• Doca Geral Embarque – Gerido pela Maputo Produce Terminal
• Terminal de Embarque – Gestão por TCM (Terminal de cabotagem de Maputo)
• Terminal de Contentores – Gerido pela DP World Maputo
• Sugar Terminal – Gerido pela STAM (Sociedade Terminais de Açúcar de Moçambique)
• Terminal de Combustíveis – Gerido por Caminhos de Ferro de Moçambique
• Terminal de Melaço – Gestão de Maputo Storage Company Lda (MLSC)
• Terminal de Veículos – Gerido pela Terminais Grindroad
• Terminal de Carvão da Matola – Gerido pela TCM (Terminal de Carvão da Matola)
• Terminal de Granel da Matola – Operado pelo STEMA (Silos e Terminal de Granel da Matola)

4. 3 O Porto da Beira

O Porto da Beira, com 12 docas e o acesso é feito por canal Macuti.
A Terminal de contentores operado pela Cornelder BV e tem uma doca de expedição geral. O Porto da Beira tem as seguintes terminais:

• Terminal de Contentores
• Terminal de Combustíveis e Terminal de Armazém Frio
• Terminal Carvão da Beira (CBT) – A CBT beneficiou-se de obras de remodelação entre 2010/11, deverá estar totalmente operacional em 2015.

As obras incluíram a dragagem de emergência que custou cerca de USD 43 milhões, o que tornou possível para o porto receber navios com Tonelagem de Porte Bruto (DWT) e duplicou a sua capacidade para 60.000.

A reconstrução da linha férrea de Sena irá torná-lo possível, aumentar o volume anual de carga processada no porto de Beira, até 20 milhões de toneladas por ano, principalmente pela exportação de carvão de Moatize.
As multinacionais de mineração VALE Moçambique e Riversdale Mining, mais tarde adquirida pelo grupo Rio Tinto, em 2010, assinaram um memorando de entendimento com o CFM, a fim de reparar temporariamente a terminal no Porto da Beira para exportar o carvão de Moatize.

As duas empresas foram concedidas o processamento de carvão e capacidade de exportar de 5 milhões de toneladas por ano, e Vale Moçambique ocupava a maior parte da capacidade do terminal 68% e Riversdale Mining os restantes 32%.

4.4 O Porto de Quelimane

Dirigido pelo Cornelder de Quelimane é uma “joint venture” com a CFM. O porto de Quelimane, que constitui um dos mais importantes portos do Canal de Moçambique, localiza-se, na metade da linha de costa moçambicana, o que permite atividades portuárias de transportes e serviços não apenas nacionais, como também internacionais, essencialmente, com os países vizinhos Malawi, Zâmbia e Zimbabwe. Para além do porto de Quelimane, a província da Zambézia possuiu ainda mais três portos naturais que favorecem o escoamento de produtos, Chinde, Macuse e Pebane.

4. 5 O Porto de Pemba

Localizado na Baía de Pemba, com excelentes condições de abrigo natural. O porto de Pemba recebeu um terminal flutuante para petróleo e gás que foi inaugurado em Março de corrente ano, abrindo espaço para que empresas do ramo que operam na Bacia do Rovuma tenham a oportunidade de manusear produtos com a necessária segurança e qualidade. Constituído por um aterro de acesso, com cerca de cem metros de comprimento e uma plataforma flutuante de acostagem capaz de receber dois navios em simultâneo, o novo cais é propriedade da empresa Portos e Caminhos de Ferro de Moçambique, devendo ser gerida com base num contrato a ser rubricado com a firma Balloré África Logistics. O novo cais flutuante, cuja construção custou cerca de 12 milhões de dólares americanos, é o primeiro do género no país e foi concebido exclusivamente para movimentar petróleo e gás. A construção do Terminal Petroleiro de Pemba é um projecto alinhado com o Plano Director para o Gás Natural em Moçambique, aprovado em 2012.

A nova infra-estrutura vai permitir reverter a atual situação de constrangimento na operação comercial do Porto de Pemba, aliviando a infra-estrutura para receber mais navios e responder de maneira independente às necessidades de movimentação de carga.

4.6 O Porto de Nacala

O Porto de Nacala tem maior capacidade natural sendo, capaz de atrair mais trânsito de cargas nacional e dos países vizinhos.O Porto de Nacala foi concessionado a Corridor de Nacala (CDN). E comporta os seguintes terminais.

• Terminal de Embarque
• Terminal de Contentores
• Terminal de Granéis Líquidos – operado por CFM
• Nacala Terminal de Carvão (NCT) – A construção de NCT começou, com o objectivo de torna-lo operacional entre 2 a 3 anos. E terá uma capacidade total de 25 milhões de toneladas de carvão por ano.
A VALE estava planejando gastar USD4,4 bilhões em 2012 para a construção do terminal e uma linha ferroviária 912km ligando as minas de carvão com o porto. A ferrovia e o porto inicialmente serão capazes de movimentar de 18 milhões de toneladas de carvão por ano.
Tendo em conta que, o Porto da Beira é insuficiente para gerir os 20 a 25 milhões de toneladas de carvão que podem ser produzidos em Tete, e que mesmo após a sua conclusão e modernização das suas infra-estruturas de logística e da interligação dos portos.
As implicações para a infra-estrutura de transporte são primários e um dos principais motores económicos para o desenvolvimento de Moatize-Nacala ferroviário é o potencial de exportação de carvão da região de Tete.
A combinação de infra-estrutura de transporte multimodal e, favorecem as condições logísticas, podendo posicionar Moçambique como um dos países com os mais baixos custos de comércio. Contudo os dados da tabela (Tabela de Comercio intra África Austral) mostra que ainda se deve melhorar o tempo de tramitação das exportações e importações.

Tabela – Comércio intra África Austral.

Países Documentos para exportar (numero) Tempo para exportar (dias) Custo para exportar ($ por contentor) Documentos para importar (numero) Timpo para importar (dias) Custo para importar ($ por contentor)
Angola 11 65 2,250 8 59 3,240
Botswana 6 30 2,810 9 41 3,264
Lesotho 6 44 1,549 8 49 1,515
Madagascar 4 21 1,279 9 26 1,660
Malawi 11 41 1,713 10 51 2,570
Mauricias 5 14 737 6 14 689
Moçambique 7 23 1,100 10 30 1,475
Namibia 11 29 1,686 9 24 1,813
Swaziland 9 21 2,184 11 33 2,249
Zambia 6 53 2,664 9 64 3,335
Zimbabwe 7 53 3,280 9 73 5,101
Africa a Sul de Saara 8 34 1,942 9 39 2,365

Fonte: Doing Business 2009

O transporte e logística em Moçambique devem ser competitivos e estudos oferecem evidências substanciais de que a melhoria pode aumentar significativamente com o desempenho das exportações no país e em toda a região. Por outro lado, a melhoria da infra-estrutura de transporte pode ajudar a reduzir os custos de transporte, enquanto a adaptação quadro regulamentar dinâmica no transporte e liberalização de serviços portuários pode também levar a uma redução dos custos de transporte.

4.7 Os Operadores Aéreos

O transporte aéreo é doméstico e internacional e é realizado por empresas nacionais e internacionais entre a Linhas Aéreas de Moçambique (LAM), Mextur, Ethipian Airways, Kenia Airways, Qatar Airways, South African Airways e a TAP Air Portugal. A LAM voa a nível nacional e regional (Harare, Luanda, Johanesburgo e Nairobi). A South African Aiways voa apartir de Johanesburgo garantindo uma opção para voos intercontinentais o mesmo se aplica para Kenia, Ethiopian Qatar Airways, TAP Airways, com escalas em suas capitais.

O processo de liberalização do transporte aéreo em Moçambique apresenta-se com desafios que ultrapassam a mera decisão politica ou administrativa de declarar o espaço aberto, pois a liberalização não será efectiva se não se verificar em simultâneo as condições de garantia de supervisão de segurança, conforto e capacidade adequada aos padrões nacionais para o fluxo de passageiros.

A visão estratégica para o transporte aéreo tem como atenção principal o desenvolvimento do turismo e dos pólos de desenvolvimento do pais e da região. No contexto internacional a estratégia visa essencialmente contribuir para o crescimento da indústria de turismo, o que requer a identificação das fontes principais de turistas e os destinos principais ao nível nacional, bem como os destinos regionais dos quais se pode atrair turistas para Moçambique ou considerá-los destinos complementares aos destinos nacionais.

4.8 Os Operadores rodoviários

O que principalmente limita é a insuficiência de infra-estruturas e a fraca qualidade na maioria das infra-estruturas existentes. Os custos de transacção continuam a não ser apropriados para a economia. A qualidade de infra-estruturas e do parque automóvel, bem como a pouca formação dos transportadores acarretam elevados índices de acidentes rodoviários de grandes proporções.

A gestão de transportes urbanos pelos municípios são intrinsecamente complexos devido a sua natureza estrutural onde se devem capitalizar as oportunidades e competitividade para sustentar o desenvolvimento equitativo.

Entre 2011 e 2012, o transporte rodoviário cresceu 8,9% como resultado da introdução de 150 machibombos enquanto que o crescimento do transporte colectivo foi de 9,7% e sua expansão seguida pela demanda de serviços em áreas peri urbanas. Por outro lado, o transporte aéreo, aumentou 6%.

Para operar na área dos transportes rodoviários deve se requerer licença especifica, que quando adquirida o servidor fica formalizado. Contudo a nível urbano, inter-provincial e internacional verifica-se violações tais como cabotagem de passageiros (proibido no texto dos acordos) por operadores internacionais e facilitado pelos fiscais (Polícia de Trânsito), encurtamento de rotas, limites de peso, vias interditas, a não observação da lotação dos veículos, o trabalho informal, etc.

Contudo, o aumento do parque automóvel sem as condicionalidades necessárias em funcionamento não teve ainda o impacto que se deseja na economia, nem nas vertentes sociais e culturais. A grande parte das zonas rurais do pais continuam isoladas umas das outras, dificultando o apoio a iniciativa de transporte privado cada vez mais crescente com praticas de violações “pirataria”.

5. O sector informal ou a “pirataria”, transporte rural e sector privado

Chamar de informais aos operadores que actuam no sector dos transportes de passageiros ou de carga sem as devidas licenças tanto do veículo ou a carta de específica do motorista não seria muito adequado para a situação de Moçambique. Porque as autoridades depois da liberalização dos transportes relaxaram na exigências, sobretudo no que diz respeito a carta do motorista que devia ser no mínimo profissional. Por isso, iremos adoptar o termos mais usual que é “pirata” ou pratica de “pirataria”.

Os operadores informais ou os chamado de “piratas” ocorrem no transporte rodoviários a todos os níveis como foi indicado. A pirataria é praticada em automóveis ligeiros (táxis), machibombos, semi-machibombos (chapa-cem), carros de caixa aberta e “txopelas” (Budjadjas/tuk-tuk). Sendo assim, não existe um sector informal organizado porque o sistema não permite e facilita a formalização, deste modo para se obter uma licença de transporte uma dos requisitos exigidos é uma certificação de uma associação de transportadores.

Por outro lado, baixa qualidade das vias de acesso, a fraca fiscalização, falta de coesão entre e dentro das associações dos transportadores, a corrupção da polícia trânsito e a não participação dos utentes através das organizações de consumidores nas decisões sobre os transportes facilita as arbitrariedades praticadas pelos operadores dos transportes rodoviários.

5.1 O Transporte rural

O sistema de transporte é complementado pelo transporte rural que na sua maioria é informal, tendo em conta as características essencialmente rurais do País. Com efeito, uma grande parte da população do Pais ainda vive dispersa, apesar do esforço que se tem feito para colocar a população a viver em aldeias e áreas peri-urbanos.

Na situação de população dispersa, fica difícil providenciar transporte financeiramente viável para carga e para passageiros ao nível rural. Se por um lado os operadores de transportes não são encorajados a percorrer distancias relativamente grandes para recolher e distribuir passageiros e pouca carga, a população rural deve percorrer distancias enormes das zonas de produção para o mercado.

Para minimizar esta situação se propõe a combinação de uso de transporte de tracção animal ou humana associada a um tipo de transporte motorizado que esteja adaptado a circulação em vias de acesso difíceis ou até não existentes.

O transporte de tracção animal ou humano já é uma realidade no país, e se pretende acelerar a sua massificação e sustentação. A massificação consiste na criação de mecanismos de aquisição de atrelados puxados pela força animal e com isso criar oportunidade de negócio, de modo que nos locais de produção rural haja proprietários deste tipo de transporte utilizado em forma de aluguer ou de carreiras programadas para o transporte de carga e de pessoas, de e para os mercados. Isto não exclui a possibilidade de que cada família ou pessoas possa ter o transporte de tracção humana ou animal próprio. Igualmente, a estratégia prevê a massificação de uso de bicicletas desenhadas para transporte de carga e de pessoas.

5. 2 O Sector Privado

O sucesso de um sistema de transporte está na habilidade de se poder atrair o sector privado para investir e operar nele. Contudo, o sector privado se resume maioritariamente ao chamado sector informal.

Neste formato considera-se que para a participação do sector privado no sector dos transportes deve se basear no reconhecimento do cenário da dualidade económica onde os sectores modernos podem coexistir com sectores de produção mais tradicionais, mas com uma interacção mais dinâmica entre eles. Desta forma, deve-se estabelecer uma quadro estratégico para a participação do sector privado informal em coabitação com um sector moderno que gravita a volta de uma economia globalizada à escala mundial.

A provisão de serviços de transportes deve ser disponibilizado ao sector privado, numa perspectiva não só de criar oportunidades de negócios mas também para a reafirmação e consolidação do papel do Governo regulador e criador de ambiente favorável ao desenvolvimento. O sector privado nacional, apesar do esforço que tem empreendido, ainda encontra muitas dificuldades para se estabelecer e providenciar serviços de qualidade credíveis.

6. Principais Acordos dos Transportes

Moçambique assinou acordos bilaterais de transportes com a República da África do Sul e a República do Malawi, que se seguem:

• Acordo Bilateral de Transportes Rodoviário de Passageiros entre o Governo da Republica de Moçambique e o Governo da República da África do Sul;
• Acordo Bilateral de Transportes Rodoviário de Mercadorias entre o Governo da Republica de Moçambique e o Governo da República da África do Sul;
• Acordo Bilateral de Transportes Rodoviário de Mercadorias entre o Governo da República de Moçambique e o Governo da República do Malawi; e
• Acordo Bilateral de Transportes Rodoviário de Passageiros entre o Governo da República de Moçambique e o Governo da República do Malawi.

Os acordos bilaterais de transportes estabelecem termos gerais e condições para o desenvolvimento do Transporte rodoviário e de mercadorias. E reforçam as relações económicas e comerciais, promove e facilita os serviços de transportes de passageiros e em trânsito e o tratamento igual e justo entre os transportadores.

Moçambique é signatário Protocolo da SADC sobre os Transportes, Comunicações e Meteorologia que o objectivo de tornar os transportes, comunicações e meteorologia efectivos, eficientes, totalmente integrados na sua estrutura e operações para promover o desenvolvimento económico e social.

Os acordos regionais vieram melhorar o ambiente dos transportes, sobretudo os rodoviários que cruzam a fronteira servindo os passageiros regionais. Tanto os acordos bem como o protocolo atrás referidos tem problemas de implementação e de regulamentação segundo os transportadores (Nhatitima), sendo assim, a fraca fiscalização enferma cada vez mais a situação. Ao mesmo tempo os operadores moçambicanos não conseguem tirar mais benefícios dos acordos porque tem capacidade de oferta, possuem serviços com baixos padrões de qualidade e ausência de linhas especificas de credito (Zimba). Mesmo assim, os sectores privados em colaboração com os Governos de Angola, Botswana, Moçambique e Namíbia estão a preparar novos acordos de transportes para regular o transporte de carga.

O impacto das politicas regionais ou seja acordos e protocolos, tendo em conta que resultam de uma aproximação ao nível de operadores que no caso de Moçambique o principal interlocutor é o CTA, é positivo. É através desta entidade que os operadores dos transportes (dos países envolvidos) preparam os textos dos acordos e os governos assinam. Porém, a maioria dos operadores moçambicanos tem dificuldades de fazer o uso dos acordo fornecer serviços na África do Sul, por exemplo devido ao fraco poder de competitividade.

O governo tem reduzido o seu papel na área dos transportes, transformando-se é regulador e promovendo a participação do sector privado e por sua vez este sector não tem capacidade de actuar com certa pujança e apropriar-se pelo menos dos transporte urbano. O Governo tem o papel de regulador dos transporte e o sector privado implementa as politicas dos transportes.

6.1 MODE IV GATS

Moçambique prevê liberalizar serviços ao nível regional e multilateral, um dos instrumentos que o país deve aderir é o Modo IV do GATS (Acordo Geral de Comercio de Serviços) , que tem é influenciado pela mão de obra. O Modo IV é a última modalidade do GATS da OMC (Organização Mundial de Comércio).
Os objectivos e princípios do comércio da SADC nas negociações de serviços baseiam-se na progressiva liberalização indicada no Protocolo de comércio de serviços da SADC que visa promover a interdependência e integração das economias dos estados membros. O protocolo promove o mercado de serviços, complementado por mecanismos de cooperação, a fim de criar novas oportunidades para um sector empresarial dinâmico. Também visa reforçar a capacidade regional fornecer serviços eficientes e expandir as exportações.
De acordo com a descrição do Modo IV compromisso, os estados membros devem fazer referência às pessoas físicas incluídas no GATS, com; os trabalhadores transferidos temporariamente; os visitantes de negócios; os prestadores de serviços; e os profissionais “free-lance”.
A avaliação realizada pelo Secretariado da SADC sobre a oferta inicial e pedido no comércio da SADC nas negociações de serviços, definidos no âmbito de serviços TNF até 17 Agosto 2012, que diz que apenas quatro estados, Lesotho, Ilhas Maurícias, África do Sul e Zâmbia apresentaram pedido. A solicitação alvo quase todos os Estados membros, com algumas excepções .
Há uma necessidade de desenvolver um trabalho coordenado entre MIC-DRI, Ministério do Trabalho e Direcção Nacional de Migração negociar acordos de migração com a UE e na OMC seja a nível bilateral, plurilateral ou multilateral.

7. Os Sindicatos dos Transportes

7. 1 As principais federações e sindicatos nos transportes

As organizações de trabalhadores independentes incluem os sindicatos, federações e confederações. As duas principais federações são OTM CS (Organização de Trabalhadores de Moçambique – Central Sindical) e CONSILMO (Confederação Nacional de Sindicatos Independentes e Livres de Moçambique). OTM é uma Central Sindical fundada em 1983, sob o controle directo da FRELIMO, na década de 1990 que declarou sua independência do partido.

A CONSILMO foi formada em 1992 por meio de uma cisão de afiliados OTM. As diferenças que levaram à separação não estavam ligados a diferentes ideologias políticas, mas sim devido a diferentes abordagens e práticas de tomada de decisões, independência, democracia, transparência e prestação de contas (Simango).

Na área dos transportes o os sindicatos aéreo e o ferroviário o nível de sindicalização é muito alto, enquanto que o marítimo e o rodoviário é muito fraco, esta discrepância é causada pelo facto de que tanto o ferroviário e o aéreo são empresas publicas o que facilita a sua organização. O marítimo é um muito reduzido e com trabalhadores com pouco formação enquanto que o rodoviário não tem sindicato por muitos trabalhadores informais, diferentes níveis (urbano, inter-provincial, nacional e internacional), patronato disperso, com grande mobilidade, com interesses dispares o que o torna bastante difícil de organizar e estabelecer

O transporte rodoviário urbano regista um certo grau de informalização conhecido mais por pirataria, facilitado pela corrupção da policia de transito e municipal, e segundo o representante da ATROMAP (Associação dos Transportadores Rodoviário de Maputo) reina anarquia estando fora de qualquer tipo de regulação.

É prática do patronato dos rodoviários, determina um valor que deve ser lhe entregue num determinado período (dia, semana, ou mês) pelo motorista. Determinar o seu pagamento e do cobrador para cobrir o salário e outras despesas diárias. O patronato se responsabiliza por pagamento do seguro do autocarro e outros serviços obrigatórios para obter a licença de operação. Esta situação torna o trabalhador rodoviário informal e desprotegido socialmente.

Em Moçambique, são 4 sindicatos organização no sector dos transportes: SINPEOC (Sindicato Nacional dos Profissionais de Estiva e Ofícios Correlativos – União Nacional dos Estivadores Profissionais e Profissões Afins), SINPOCAF (Sindicato Nacional dos Trabalhadores dos Portos e Caminhos de Ferro – União Nacional dos Portos e Caminhos de Ferro Trabalhadores), SINTMAP (Sindicato Nacional de Trabalhadores da Marinha Mercantil e Pesca – Sindicato Nacional dos Trabalhadores da Marinha Mercante e da Pesca é filiado a OTM) e SINTRAT (Sindicato Nacional de Trabalhadores Rodoviários, Assistência Técnica e Similares – Assistência Técnica e Trabalhadores Similares) filiado a CONSILMO e a OTM CS) .

7. 2 SINPEOC (Sindicato Nacional dos Profissionais de Estiva e Ofícios Correlativos)

O sindicato é de trabalhadores dos portos e de todas as actividades relacionadas com o trabalho de estivadores, operadores de máquinas, supervisores, trabalhadores de escritório, etc.

A área do sindicato conta com cerca de 7 mil trabalhadores e 4 mil são sócios do sindicato. O numero de trabalhadores sindicalizados é estacionário e os trabalhadores do sexo feminino é reduzido rondando entre 70 a 80 pessoas.

A situação dos trabalhadores da área aonde actual o SINPOEC é igual a da maioria dos trabalhadores nacionais, desde emprego precário a trabalho seguro. E a situação dos trabalhadores eventuais é muito pior. De uma forma geral a situação e igual para todos os trabalhadores, no entanto os trabalhadores eventuais enfrentam o problema de precariedade de emprego uma vez que não tem vinculo com as empresas nas quais prestam serviços.
O Sindicato tem representação para além de Maputo, esta presente nas províncias de Sofala, Zambézia, Nampula (Nacala-Porto) e Cabo-Delgado. As representações do Sindicato já estão estruturadas contudo, a dinâmica do desenvolvimento não sempre ditam um reajustamento das estruturas.
Tendo em conta o actual estágio económico do pais e considerando os vários projectos para a construção de novos portos (Macuzi, Texobanine e Nacala a Velha) se estes vierem a se concretizar pode significar o aumento de numero de potencias membros no sector. Contudo, é preciso considerar que o uso de novas tecnologias nas operações portuárias não pode garantir um elevado numero de trabalhadores nesses possíveis portos.
Os desafios são vários, porém a questão da ausência do regulamento sobre o trabalho portuário previsto na Lei de Trabalho e um dos grandes desafios considerando a falta de protecção social dos trabalhadores eventuais torna-os vulneráveis e também dificulta ao sindicato ter uma base ampla que ajude nas negociações com os empregadores. O outro grande desafio são os programas educativos e de formação dos trabalhadores pois o programa de reajustamento da mão-de-obra e também das reformas dos trabalhadores existe uma nova geração de sindicalistas que na maioria deles ascendem a cargos de liderança apenas pela eleição sem por vezes ter alguma noção básica sobre o sindicalismo.
Numa altura em que o Sindicato saiu do seu Congresso em Julho 2012, as grandes perspectivas e influenciar a existência de um regulamento no sector portuário que possa ajudar na situação de precariedade de emprego e ao mesmo tempo na sua protecção social.
7. 3 SINPOCAF (Sindicato Nacional dos Trabalhadores dos Portos e Caminhos de Ferro)

O sindicato é de trabalhadores dos caminhos de ferro, incluindo os administrativos. Ela é representada em 11 províncias de Moçambique, com estruturas nacionais replicados aos níveis provincial.

Nos últimos anos o SINPOCAF tem crescido com 1721 em 2008 e 3692 membros em Outubro de 2012 (dados apresentados em Fevereiro de 2013, na IV Sessão Nacional do SINPOCAF).
Nem todos membros pagam as cotas, mas está em curso um intenso trabalho de sensibilização relativamente as contribuições dos membros. Em Outubro de 2012 a SINPOCAF tinha 245 membros do sexo feminino.

O SINPOCAF está organizado em 3 Conselhos Provinciais (Nampula, Sofala e Cidade e Província do Maputo e em 6 Delegações Provinciais nomeadamente: Cabo Delgado, Niassa, Zambézia, Manica, Inhambane e Gaza estando em preparação a organização a Delegação de Tete uma vez que a linha férrea de Sena foi reconstruída e está plena operação.

No momento todas as estruturas da base (Comités sindicais, Delegações e Conselhos Provinciais estão sendo revitalizados como forma de preparar a realização do congresso no final do ano 2013. As perspectivas são encorajadoras, pois, a visão é do fortalecimento do sindicato tendo como inspiração os seus membros. Desta forma, vai tornar os membros os membros para tornar a organização forte, sólida interventiva em prol da defesa dos direitos e interesses dos trabalhadores ferro – portuários.

O trabalho do sindicato nas empresas privadas (concessionarias) pode-se considerar positiva, mas difícil. Mas esforços estão sendo feitos para se ultrapassar, pois, a lei do trabalho moçambicana defende a posição dos Sindicatos na organização da classe trabalhadora. A outra dificuldade se prende na tentativa destas empresas pretenderem aplicar as suas políticas empresariais em vês do preconizado nas leis nacionais. Mas todas as empresas emergentes da privatização de uma parte da empresa pública Portos e Caminhos de Ferro.

A legislação moçambicana cumpre com as normas fundamentais da OIT até porque ratificou todas as 8 convenções fundamentais da OIT mas os empregadores, alguns por ignorância ou deliberadamente violam constantemente o que vem plasmado nas leis nacionais relativas ao mundo do trabalho.

Principais desafios continuam sendo o reforço institucional através da admissão de mais membros atingindo pelo menos 75% do global dos trabalhadores ferro-portuários até 2015, reforçar o envolvimento da mulher e dos jovens na organização e liderança sindicais. Tornar a organização mais conhecida no seu dos membros e demais trabalhadores. Melhor a comunicação no seio da organização usando novas tecnologias de informação e comunicação.

A perspectiva do SINPOCAF é tornar-se Forte, Sólido, Interventivo, e Conhecido, não só no seio dos seus membros, mas também na sociedade Moçambicana e também no ramo dos sindicatos do sector dos Transportes. Igualmente apostar na formação sindical e crescimento.

Constatou-se também que o SINPOCAF cresceu no concernente ao número de sócios comparativamente ao período da realização da III Sessão Nacional em 30,6% em vez dos 21% reportado no relatório devido a correcção do número total dos sócio da Sofala que é de 1141 em vez de 874 sócios em Outubro de 2012. Assim, o número dos sócios em 30 de Outubro de 2012 é de 3692 contra 2826 em Dezembro de 2011.
No que diz respeito ao número dos trabalhadores, também registou um crescimento na ordem de 31%, passando de 4852 trabalhadores na III sessão para 6368 em Outubro de 2012 mercê da expansão do trabalho sindical do SINPOCAF em novas empresas do Sector.
7.4 SINTMAP – Sindicato Nacional de Trabalhadores da Marinha Mercantil e Pesca

O SINTMAP, sindicato organiza os trabalhadores em empresas com base nos portos, bem como em empresas envolvidas no sector dos transportes de água de mercadorias, de pesca e de passageiros em Maputo, Beira, Inhambane, Sofala, Zambézia, Tete e Pemba.

O número de trabalhadores da área aonde actua o SINTMAP varia devido a casualidade e informalidade do trabalho, porém o sindicato conta com cerca de 13480 membros inscritos e cerca de metade costuma pagar as quotas. As mulheres são poucas na área, mas existem, isso deve se a própria actividades, tornando-se difícil determinar o numero (Vuende).

As delegações tem muitas dificuldades financeiras para deslocar e os trabalhadores não são obrigados a pagar quotas por Lei, sendo assim são poucos os que pagam aliado ao magro salário que auferem. paga se 1% sobre o salário base.

O SINTMAP tem delegações existem, em Inhambane e Cabora Bassa em Tete. E há perspectivas, para abrir novas delegações no Lago Niassa, Cabo delgado, Inhassorro – Inhambane, Gaza, Manica, alias, todo sitio onde existe Rios e Lagos, onde atravessam pessoas e seus bens duma margem para outra.

A fusão dos sindicatos ou a criação de uma federação dos sindicatos de transportes poderia ser uma boa saída no caso dos sindicatos do ramo de transportes, mas existe duvidas por parte de alguns funcionários quase de todos sindicatos (Jamisse). Quanto a federação do ramo de transportes já se criou um comité técnico para fazer um estudo de todos os estatutos dos 5 sindicatos para encontrar pontos comuns (Vuende).

Os desafios e Perspectivas do SINTMAP incluem a mobilização de fundos para implantar o SINTMAP em todas províncias, colaborar com outros sindicatos nacionais e internacionais assim como outras organizações de carácter social para o bem estar do trabalhador do ramo e as comunidades envolvidas.

7.5 SINTRAT – Sindicato Nacional de Trabalhadores Rodoviários, Assistência Técnica e Similares.

O SINTRAT organiza os trabalhadores em transporte rodoviário de mercadorias e de passageiros (incluindo mecânica e outros trabalhadores em garagens e postos de gasolina). Este sindicato SINTRAT realiza o seu congresso nacional a cada 5 anos, e as suas estruturas nacionais, a secretaria executiva, o conselho nacional e o comité de controle. Estes órgão são paralelas e constituem uma pequena minoria da sociedade que pode mudar se o Governo expandir o sector e criar incentivos para uma maior participação das mulheres.

Oficialmente sector rodoviário emprega mais de 14 000 trabalhadores, 10 000 dos quais são membros SINTRAT. O foco da organização é organizar os trabalhadores nos terminais e também iniciar projectos de geração de renda para os trabalhadores demitidos.

O SINTRAT está tentando organizar os trabalhadores em todas as áreas de operações dos subsectores dos transportes rodoviários que envolvem operadores moçambicanos, mas o sindicato enfrenta uma série de dificuldades. Em primeiro lugar, os trabalhadores muitas vezes não têm contratos. Em segundo lugar, além de problemas com os direitos trabalhistas ocorrem problemas legais e de segurança e quando ocorrem acidentes de trânsito, os motoristas fogem e muito difícil serem rastreados.

O SINTRAT entende que a unificação sindical é um instrumento que contribui para o fortalecimento da acção e promoção da justiça social, laboral e o respeito pelos direitos fundamentais dos trabalhadores, valores que continuam sendo um dos grandes desafios dos sindicatos nacionais na actualidade.

8. O direito para organizar, negociar colectivamente e o direito a greve

Os direitos de organizar, a negociação colectiva e o direito de greve produziu as seguintes referências para a mais recente legislação trabalhista moçambicana:

– Lei do Trabalho n º 23/ 2007, a lei fixa direitos e deveres, garante a segurança no emprego, veda o despedimento sem justa causa, consagra o direito à actividade sindical, à greve, à segurança social, à justa remuneração, ao descanso, às férias, protege a dignidade do trabalhador, a maternidade e a paternidade. No âmbito dos conflitos laborais, a Lei do Trabalho cria o regime extra-judicial não só para a resolução célere dos mesmos, como também para se descongestionar as secções laborais nos Tribunais Judiciais.

– Lei n º 23/ 91, relativo aos sindicato prevê: a actividade sindical livre, sem qualquer discriminação; constituição de associações de trabalhadores e de registo dos sindicatos; permite que os sindicatos a darem a sua opinião sobre instrumentos da OIT, a liberdade no exercício da actividade sindical no interior das empresas, o estabelecimento de comités sindicais , direito de associação e de informação sindical, a protecção da liberdade sindical dos líderes, inspecções e multas.

– Lei n º 8/91 : a lei regula a liberdade de associação.
– Lei n º 9/ 91: A lei regula a liberdade de reunião e manifestação.
– Lei n º 6/ 91: A lei regulamenta o direito de greve, limita o direito de greve por parte da polícia, militares e trabalhadores do serviço público, bem como em actividades e serviços essenciais.

O Boletim de Estatísticas de Trabalho de 2011, tornado publico pelo Ministério de Trabalho (MITRAB) em Junho de 2013, mostra dados de regulamentação colectiva e conflitos de trabalho de transportes e comunicações, sendo não desagregados não variaram nos últimos 3 anos, o que inusitado. No que respeita a greves registadas e trabalhadores envolvidos entre 2007 e 2011 os dados mostram que reduziram de 3 para 1 com uma variação de -50%.

Os sindicatos são da opinião que o patronato e as MNCs usam estes dispositivos legais quando lhes convém ou quando pressionados. Tendo em conta que há uma prática de zonas francas industriais o uso da legislação de trabalho nacional, que já por si é desfavorável para o trabalhador, é reduzido.

9. Conclusão e recomendações

Moçambique é um país membro da SADC e da Organização Mundial de Comércio (OMC) e signatário de acordos bilaterais de transportes a persecução da integração regional. Ao nível regional, a multiplicação de zonas de integração e acordos são vistos como potencialmente causadoras de conflitos em sua implementação. Ainda não está claro como os diversos acordos comerciais regionais e internacionais terão impacto no sector dos transportes .

Em Moçambique, onde a liberalização do transporte tem sido até agora supervisionada por imposições do FMI/BM ao invés de implementações directamente relacionados com acordos bilaterais, era e continua a ser preocupação, bem como, os potenciais impactos a zona de livre comércio da SADC em implementação desde 2008.

A reestruturação do transporte que se assumiu em Moçambique, se manifestou na implementação de políticas neo-liberais e todos ascendem a privatização se adopta uma definição ampla que inclui a privatização, liberalização e desregulamentação.

Os Sindicatos dos transportes precisam de se reforçar e participarem no processo de reestruturação de forma a acompanharem das potenciais consequências positivas e negativas. Porém, há que encontrar uma forma de participação activa dos utentes dos transportes através das associações dos consumidores.

Em Moçambique negociação colectiva acontece ao nível da empresa e também no fórum tripartido de concertação social que apenas discute o salário mínimo. A agenda de salário mínimo deve ser reforçar para tratar assuntos de produção e produtividade. E ainda, tendo em conta que os transportes são parte integrante da produção.

A maior parte das dificuldades do sector empresarial advêm da pouca formação que os operadores têm, da falta de um ambiente estruturado e regulado para a concorrência e das dificuldade de carácter financeiro. Para minimizar estes problemas, entende-se que o sector privado se deve reestruturar e o Governo deve criar normas que por um lado incentivem os operadores dedicados a se desenvolve de modo a ganhar credibilidade no mercado, e por outro lado os utentes tenham serviços que melhorem gradual e permanentemente. Assim, a participação do sector privado nacional requer que os transportadores privado, passem de simples associações para o nível de empresas, admitindo espaço para competitividade entre elas. A situação actual de simples associações em outros casos sem associações e sem sindicatos de trabalhadores rodoviários, apresenta riscos de criação de monopólios pouco efectivos e limitam a liberdade que os próprios operadores privados tem de escolher a associação onde pretendem se afiliar, ou mesmo de não pertencer a nenhuma afiliação.

Neste processo, ao Governo caberá o papel de criar condições para a formação dos operadores, bem como regular a operatividade dos serviços de transporte. Para tal, se deve, em parceria com as instituições de formação existentes ou criar, providenciar condições para a formação dos operadores privados de todos os níveis.

O esquema actualmente existente de licenciar os operadores de transportes vai ser complementados ou substituído por um esquema de concessões baseado em terminais pré-definidos, na mesma linha e orientação dos operadores de transportes aéreos discutido acima. Igualmente, o Governo deverá em parceria com as instituições financeiras criar condições para que os operadores privados possam ter acesso ao crédito para renovar e expandir as suas frotas bem como fazer a sua manutenção.

Anexo I: Tabelas e listas de Transportadores
Tabela de Operadores de transportes e logística

1 Allex Logístics 18 Institute for the Promotion of Export
2 AMI 19 JJ Transportes
3 Anchor Logistics Ltd 20 King & Sons Ltd
4 Association of Road Freight Transport Companies of Maputo (ASTROCAMA) 21 Kuehne & Nagel Mozambique Ltd
5 Beira Cargo Handling Ltd 22 Limperse Ltd
6 Bobby Transportes 23 Machava Transport Mozambique Beira
7 Correios de Mozambique EP 24 Manica Freight Services Mozambique
8 Danmo 25 Mediterranean Shipping Co.
9 Debala Shipping Ltd 26 Ministry of Transport & Communications
10 Diamond Shipping Servicesa 27 Moz Star Ltd
11 F&M Transport Co. 28 Mozambique Transport Brokers
12 FH Bertling Logistics Ltd 29 Naval Services to Shipping Ltd
13 Freight Services Moç Ltd 30 ndico Logístics
14 Gac Mozambique Maritime Services Ltd 31 Nuro Momede Transport Co.
15 HCL Transportes 32 Rohlig-Grindrod Ltd
16 Ideal Transport Ltd
33 Rogers International Distribution Services
17 Ingar International Packers & Forwarders

TRANSPORTADORES

Transportadores de passageiros urbano e inter urbanos
Transportes Púbicos de Maputo (TPM), com rotas de e para Maputo-Matola-Boane-Marracuene
Transportes Públicos de Xai Xai

Transportadores de passageiros internacionais
Vaal Maseru Bus Service – Transporte de internacional de passageiros
InterCape
City to City

Transportadores de carga internacional
Transporte internacional de carga, logística
Xifiquile
Ni Da
STARNG RENNIES MOÇAMBIQUE Ltda

Transportadores de carga e logistica
Matola Cargo Terminal
Servir Moçambique
Transportes GODIBA
Mellini Service & Logistics
M&M Transporte e Filho
Transportes Lalgy
NTS Transportes e Serviços
SOCIEDADE DE TRANSPORTES NURRO

MOCARGO – Empresa Moçambicana de Cargas SARL
MOVICARGO – Movimentação de Cargas Lda
Moz Star Ltda
MOZPORT – Transportes Investimentos de Moçambique
Nordic Transportes e Serviços Ltda

TRICAMO – Transportes Terrestres
TTI – Transportes Terrestres

Armazéns Parth Lda
Asamoc Transportes Moçambique
AUTO PAC Maputo
Camionagem de Moçambique
Capitino Transportes Ltda
Castavo Transportes Ltda
Farrell, Stephen John Maputo
HCL Transportes
JECA COMÉRCIO E TRANSPORTES LTD
JSV – Transportes e Serviços Ltda
Dalmac Transportes Ltda
TRANSILVA LTDA
TRANSMAFIL LTDA
TRANS FMS LTDA
ESTRELA DOURADA LTDA
ADAMS Transports
Trans jatan Ltda
Translay Ltda
Transportadora Leão
Transportes Cláudio

Transporte Ferroviário
Caminhos de Ferro de Moçambique
Swaziland Railways
Spoornet

Tranporte Maritimo
Transmaritima
Manica Freight Service Moçambique SA

Transporte Aéreo
LAM
MEX
CFA Mozambique
Helicópteros Capital
STA Sociedade de Transportes Aéreos
Transairways
SAA Airlinks
British Airway

Anexo II: Pessoas entrevistadas

Sector Privado
Argentino Tamele – Transportador de carga
Humberto Zaqueu – Transportador semi colectivo
Lucas Mondlane – Transportador de Vendedeiras de produtos frescos
Mauro Ferrão – CTA
Manuel Nhatitima – Presidente ATROMAP
Orzendio Zimba – CTA

Governo
António Francisco Sumbana – MTC
Manuel António – INNATER
Hélder Chambal – CFM
Tomás Langa – TPM
Valente Sitoe -TPM
João Matlombe – Vereador dos Transportes

Sindicatos
Marrengula – SOTSE
António Nhampossa – SINTIHOTS
Betinho Lino – SINTAC
Damião Simango – SINPEOC
Fátima Langa – SINPEOC
Júlio – SINTAC
Lino Jamisse – SINTMAP
Luís Macuacua – SINTIC
Manuel Vuende – SINTMAP
Raul Sengo – SINPOCAF
Simão Simbine – SASK Finlândia
Vitória Felisberto – SINTAC
Taxistas
Alfredo Congolo – Taxista particular
Francisco Manjate – Motorista de Táxi
Pedro Júnior – Taxista particular

Transportadores semi colectivo, provincial e longo curso
Elias Sitoe
Joel Augusto Navesse –
Gilberto Elias Nandja
Francisco João Naiene
Luís Zefanias Mutombene
Isabel Alberto Mabjaia
Lucrécia Aniceto Macamo
José Manuel Massinga
Taju Abdul Remane
Felisberto Canja

Motoristas de chapas e Tchopelas
Vicente Alberto Mula
Danilo Kangela
António Duarte
Aurélio Zamdamela
Samsone Xerindza
José António Wane
António Elias Vaz
António Checo
Valente Carlos Valoi
João Naine
Carlos Alberto Tembe
João Carlo Nhaca
José Taimo
Luís Sousa

Anexo III: Referências

Bayliss, Kate. 2002. Privatization and Poverty: the Distributional Impact of Utility Privatization Public Services International Research Unit. University of Greenwich.


Boletim de Estatísticas do Trabalho 2011. (2013). Ministério de Trabalho. Maputo

Estatuto Orgânico INATTER (Decreto nº32/2011)
Estratégia para o Desenvolvimento Integrado do Sistema de Transportes (Decreto nº37/2009)
Lei n º 8/91 : a lei da associação.
Lei n º 9/ 91: A lei regula a liberdade de reunião e manifestação.
Lei n º 6/ 91: A lei regulamenta o direito de greve
Lei n º 23/ 91 Sindicatos
Lei do Trabalho n º 23/ 2007

Mozambique. (2012). (www.africaneconomicoutlook.org)
Programa Quinquenal do Governo 2010-2014. República de Moçambique

Regulamento de Transportes Automóveis (Decreto nº11/2009)
SADC Protocolo on Transport, Communications and Meteorology

Tamele V. (2013). Opportunities and Risks to Liberalise Service update. UNCTAD. Maputo.

Índice

A. Acrónimos 1
Sumário Executivo 2
B. Introdução e apresentação das actividades desenvolvidas 3
C. Metodologia 5
D. Enquadramento de monitoria e avaliação no âmbito do QI 6
E. Projectos implementados 7
1.0 Projecto de Consultoria para o Quadro Integrado “Trade Specialist” 7
1.1 Informação do Projecto 7
1.2 Preponente 7
1.3 Objectivos 8
1.4 Actividades 9
1.5 Resultados esperados 9
1.6 Implementação 9
1.7 Avaliação 10
2.0 Projecto de Assistência Financeira para aquisição de equipamento laboratorial e capacitação de pessoal 11
2.1 Informação do Projecto 11
2.2 Preponente 12
2.3 Objectivos 12
2.4 Actividades 12
2.5 Resultados esperados 13
2.6 Implementação 13
2.7 Avaliação 13
3.0 Projecto de Monitoramento de pescado para os mercados nacionais, regionais e internacionais (pesquisas laboratoriais e legislação) 14
3.1 Informação do Projecto 14
3.2 Preponente 14
3.3 Objectivos 14
3.4 Actividades 15
3.5 Resultados 15
3.6 Implementação 15
3.7 Avaliação 16
4.0 Projecto Assistência Financeira para a Produção da 3º Edição do manual do Exportador 16
4.1 Informação do Projecto 16
4.2 Preponente 17
4.3 Objectivos 17
4.4 Actividades 17
4.5 Resultados esperados 17
4.6 Implementação 18
4.7 Avaliação 18
5.0 Projecto de Produção de Normas 18
5.1 Informação do Projecto 18
5.2 Preponente 19
5.3 Objectivos 20
5.4 Actividades 20
5.5 Resultados 20
5.6 Implementação 21
5.7 Avaliação 21
6.0 Projecto de Capacitação de Técnicos no Uso de Equipamento de Laboratório e Métodos Analíticos 21
6.1 Informação do Projecto 21
6.2 Preponente 22
6.3 Objectivos 22
6.4 Actividades 23
6.5 Resultados esperados 23
6.6 Implementação 23
6.7 Avaliação 24
7.0 Projecto Produção e Melhoramento de Estatísticas de Comércio Externo 24
7.1 Informação do Projecto 24
7.2 Preponente 25
7.3 Objectivos 25
7.4 Actividades 25
7.5 Resultados esperados 25
7.6 Implementação 26
7.7 Avaliação 26
F. Impactos dos projectos e Lições Aprendidas 27
G. Conclusões e recomendações 28
H. Resumo da avaliação 30
I. Referências bibliográficas 31
J. Pessoas entrevistadas e responsáveis da implementação dos projectos 32
J. Ficha de entrevistas 33
Anexo I (Projecto Consultoria para o Quadro Integrado)
Anexo II (Projecto de Assistência Financeira para aquisição de equipamento laboratorial e capacitação do pessoal)
Anexo III (Projecto de Monitoria de pescado para os mercados nacionais, regionais e internacional)
Anexo IV (Projecto Manual de Operador de Comércio Externo)
Anexo V (Projecto Produção de Normas)
Anexo VI (Projecto de Capacitação de Técnicos no uso de Equipamento de Laboratório e Métodos Analíticos)
Anexo VII (Projecto de Produção e Melhoramento de Estatísticas de Comércio Externo)

A. Acrónimos

DF Doador Facilitador
DRI Direcção das Relações Internacionais
DTIS Estudo de Diagnóstico da Integração do Comércio
EIF/QIR Reinforced Integrated Framework/Quadro Integrado Reforçado
ES Secretariado Executivo
CII Comité Inter Institucional de Comércio
FP Ponto Focal
IF/QI Integrated Framework/Quadro Integrado
IFSC Comité de Direcção do Quadro Integrado
ITC Centro de Comércio Internacional
LDC/PMAs Least Developed Countries/Países Menos Avançados
LPAC Comité Local de Apreciação dos Projectos
MINAG Ministério da Agricultura
MIC Ministério da Indústria e Comércio
MITRAB Ministério do Trabalho
NIA Quadro Nacional de Implementação
NIU Unidade Nacional de Implementação
NSC Comité Nacional de Direcção
PARPA Plano de Acção de Redução da Pobreza
PRS Plano de Redução da Pobreza
RT Mesa Redonda/Round Tabke
SPS Medidas Sanitárias e Fitossanitárias
TAC Comité de Avaliação
TFM Gestor do Fundo Global
UE União Europeia
UTRESPO Unidade de Reestruturação do Sector Publico
UNCTAD Conferência das Nações Unidas para Comércio e Desenvolvimento
PNUD/UNDP Programas das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento
OMC Organização Mundial de Comércio

Sumário Executivo

Os projectos implementados pelos sectores contribuíram no aumento da capacidade de gestão administrativa e programática dos intervenientes do desenvolvimento. Sendo assim, os sectores do governo, o sector privado e a sociedade civil, ficou claro que o comércio não era apenas assunto do Ministério da Indústria e Comércio mas sim da responsabilidade de todos os membros do Comité Inter Institucional de Comércio.
Contudo, houve dificuldades em encontrar recursos humanos capazes de apoiar devidamente os sectores a desenharem projectos relacionados com o comércio e ainda apoiar a capacitação em termos de negociações de comércio e assuntos relacionados.
Os projectos implementados pelo INE e IPEX criaram sinergias por terem sido executados multi sectorialmente com entidades tais como, Alfândegas, Banco Central, MADER, MIC, Câmara de Comércio de Moçambique, agentes de despacho e financeiros, o que reforçou o carácter abragente do programa que é governado por uma entidade que reúne instituições de governo, sector privado, sociedade civil, academia e parceiros internacionais, chamado Comité Inter Institucional para o Comércio.
Os projectos implementados pelo Ministério das Pescas / Instituto Nacional de Inspecção de Pescado tornaram possível realizar análises de metais pesados a nível nacional retirando desta forma custos em moeda convertível que era aplicado para este tipo de actividade. E ainda produzir legislação para o controle higiene sanitário dos produtos alimentares de origem aquática e Estes projectos permitiram que se fossem mobilizados e adicionados mais recursos para a expansão do laboratório disponibilizados pela DFID e NORAD complementado assim, os projectos financiados pelo IF.
Os projectos do INNOQ tiveram bons resultados porém estão alinhados com outras iniciativas financiado por outros doadores.
O projecto do MIC não foi integralmente implementado e o do INE não teve continuidade para além do financiamento.
O projecto Manual de Operador de Comércio Externo, apesar de ter sido multi sectorial foi o projecto mais fraco. E a consulta do produto resultante do projecto se revela vertical o que impossibilita o acesso através de uma escolha especifica de um instrumento.
B. Introdução e apresentação das actividades desenvolvidas no QI

O presente documento é um relatório de avaliação dos projectos financiados pelo Quadro Integrado (QI/IF) em Moçambique. Trata-se de um relatório de consultoria que tem como objectivo avaliar a planificação, monitoria, implementação e impactos dos 7 projectos ”janela 2” para melhor orientar os futuros projectos de comércio e assuntos relacionados com o comércio.
Moçambique implementou o programa do Quadro Integrado entre 2005-2010, que se materializou através da execução de 7 projectos. A implementação dos projectos foi possível, depois da realização do Estudo Diagnóstico para Integração do Comércio (DTIS) em Setembro 2004 e a elaboração da Matriz de Acção. Para facilitar a implementação do Quadro Integrado, o Governo de Moçambique reforçou o Comité Inter-Institucional para o Comércio . Foi designado o MIC/DRI como Ponto Focal e com a função de supervisionar a implementação do Quadro Integrado e assistir os sectores na identificação e na elaboração de projectos de acordo com a Matriz de Acção aprovada.
No mesmo período foram apresentados 12 projectos, dos quais somente 7 foram aprovados e implementados:
1) Ministério da Indústria e Comércio / Direcção de Relações Internacionais (MIC/DRI) – Projecto de Consultoria para a Quadro Integrado;

2) Ministério das Pescas /Instituto Nacional de Inspecção de Pescado (MP/INIP) – Assistência Financeira para aquisição de laboratório e capacitação do pessoal;

3) Ministério das Pescas /Instituto Nacional de Inspecção de Pescado (MP/INIP) – “Monitoramento” de pescado para mercados nacionais, regionais e internacionais (pesquisas laboratoriais e legislação);

4) Instituto de Promoção das Exportações (IPEX) – Manual do Operador do Comércio Externo;

5) Instituto Nacional de Normalização e Qualidade (INNOQ) – Produção de Normas;

6) Instituto Nacional de Normalização e Qualidade (INNOQ) – Capacitação de Técnicos no Uso de Equipamento de Laboratório e Método Analíticos; e

7) Instituto Nacional de Estatística (INE) – Produção e Melhoramento de Estatísticas do Comércio Externo.

Os projectos acima foram considerados mais adequados devido a sua ligação com o comércio. Apesar disso, pode-se constatar neste relatório ou mesmo analisando os projectos em anexo e o guião de orientação, que o desenho dos projectos teve muitas lacunas, pois questões importantes foram deixados de lado tais como sustentabilidade, monitoria e avaliação. A articulação da sustentabilidade foi deixado de lado e as recomendações de ligar a monitoria e avaliação com as estratégias contra a pobreza foi trocado com a modalidade NEX da UNDP.

O NEX obrigava os sectores a apresentar relatório de execução em cada 3 meses, o que fazia com que os sectores, exercessem esforços redobrados para executarem os projectos e relatarem. Tendo em conta que os mesmos não tinham provimento para contratar pessoal ligado apenas aos projectos. Esta situação, resultou em problemas de desembolsos e difícil relacionamento entre os sectores e a PNUD.

Os 5 projectos foram submetidos mas não financiados:

1) MIC/UTRESP – Capacitação Institucional dos Balcões Únicos

2) Coligação para a Justiça Económica – Monitoria do Impacto do Comércio na Redução da Pobreza em Moçambique;

3) Ministério da Industria e Comércio / Direcção de Relações Internacionais (MIC/DRI) – – Mozambique Investment Profile Review;

4) Ministério de Trabalho (MITRAB) – Reciclagem de Inspectores de Trabalho; e

5) Ministério de Trabalho (MITRAB) – Formação de Inspectores em Língua Inglesa

As 2 propostos submetidas pelo MITRAB, não foram aprovados, sucessivamente, devido ao não aprovação da então nova Lei de Trabalho e a fraca ligação com o DTIS.
Quanto ao projecto do MIC/UTRESPO, por ter se considerado que havia uma duplicação deste projecto com outros que os parceiros já estavam a apoiar.
O projecto da Coligação para a Justiça Económica , – Monitoria do Impacto do Comércio na Redução da Pobreza em Moçambique – ainda que o mesmo tenha sido considerado importante, concluiu-se que não fazia sentido um projecto de avaliação de resultados de um programa ainda por iniciar. O que revelou o pouco conhecimento da importância da monitoria e avaliação do QI, e que é recomendado pelo DTIS.
Relativamente ao projecto do MIC-DRI – Mozambique Investment Profile Review – foi referido que apesar da sua importância, estava fora do princípio de “quick-wins”, uma filosofia que tinha sido definida no início da implementação da primeira fase do QI. Porém, em 2010-2011 a UNCTAD em cooperação com o Centro de Promoção de Investimentos (CPI) realizou o Mozambique Investment Policy Review que foi publicado em 2012, colmatando desta forma aquele projecto.

C. Metodologia

Escolheu-se e aplicou-se uma metodologia centrada numa abordagem estruturada e verificável com base nas perguntas da ficha de entrevistas, constatações da natureza dos projectos, relatórios e apanhados o que orientou a análise, as conclusões e recomendações. Esta abordagem se liga aos critérios de avaliação específicos de relevância, eficiência (seus resultados e impactos), eficácia, sustentabilidade, tendo em conta as percepções, fontes quantitativas e qualitativas.

Nesta avaliação, o projecto é considerando eficiente pelo facto de ter produzido determinados impactos na redução da pobreza, enquanto que a dimensão de eficácia é a produção de resultados desejados no projecto.

A dimensão de relevância considerado a sua ligação com o Matriz do DTIS.
Um projecto é considerado sustentável se tiver articulado a dimensões de sustentabilidade e sinergias. A sustentabilidade no desenho do projecto em primeiro lugar e seguidamente se houverem elementos de resultados do projecto forem duradoiros.

Tratando-se da planificação, o desenho de projecto, monitoria e implementação como ciclo da vida de projectos avaliou-se como é que o projecto decorreu sobretudo na interacção entre a instituição que implementa, gestores do programa (QI), representante de doadores e demais intervenientes.

D. Enquadramento de monitoria e avaliação no âmbito do QI

A monitoria é um processo regular e mandatário para todos os projectos financiados pelo QI. Tem ainda como objectivo acompanhar as actividades dos projectos e assegurar que os recursos dos projectos sejam usados de forma a atingirem os resultados pretendidos.
A presente avaliação foi prevista não só pelos sectores que prepararam e submeteram projectos, mas também pelo próprio DTIS. Tendo em conta que um dos principais objectivos do IF é a integração do comércio na estratégia contra pobreza (PARPA), obriga a um mecanismo de avaliação do progresso de uma forma regular, prevê uma responsabilização na avaliação dos resultados. Mais importante ainda, garante que as decisões sobre a política comercial sejam avaliadas em termos da sua contribuição à redução da pobreza, e não em relação a interesses ou pressões restritos.
A monitoria e avaliação dos 7 projectos financiados pelo fundo do QI previa usar a modalidade NEX (National Execution) da PNUD, tendo como base, os planos de trabalho, relatórios financeiros e relatório anual a serem preparados e submetidos.

E. Projectos implementados

Os 7 projectos implementados foram apresentados por 5 instituições nomeadamente MIC/DRI, INE, INIP, INNOQ e IPEX. Enquanto que o DRI é um órgão do MIC o INNOQ e o IPEX são instituições mandatadas pelo MIC, o INIP é mandatado pelo Ministério das Pescas e o INE tem um estatuto independente e assiste o Conselho dos Ministros.

1.0 Projecto de Consultoria para o Quadro Integrado “Trade Specialist”
1.1 Informação do Projecto

O projecto de Consultoria para o Quadro Integrado foi submetido e implementado pelo MIC/DRI.
Valor USD 100,760
Implementado entre: Outubro/2006 e Dezembro 2008
O projecto de consultoria “Trade Specialist” surgiu devido a necessidade de criar capacidades no MIC e ao Ponto Focal do QI para melhor desempenhar as funções atribuídas no âmbito do QI. A iniciativa foi apresentado e aprovado pelos membros do LPAC a 14 de Dezembro 2005 e revisto a 30 de Outubro de 2006 e previa a contratação de um consultor sénior de comércio internacional.

1.2 Preponente
Ministério da Industria e Comércio Direcção das Relações Internacionais (MIC/DRI)

O Ministério da Industria e Comércio é um órgão central do aparelho do Estado que, de acordo com os princípios, objectivos e tarefas definidos pelo Governo, tutela e faz a supervisão os seguintes ramos da economia nacional: indústria alimentar e de bebidas; indústria têxtil e de vestuário, calçado e couro; indústria química; indústria metalúrgica; Indústria metalo-mecânica; electrotecnia; artes gráficas e publicação; distribuição, manutenção e assistência técnica ao equipamento industrial; indústria ligeira; comércio; e prestação de serviços.
A Direcção de Relações Internacionais, é uma unidade orgânica do Ministério da Indústria e Comércio, responsável pela elaboração, execução, avaliação e monitoria dos programas e projectos de relações económicas internacionais no domínio da indústria e comércio.
São atribuições da Direcção de Relações Internacionais: elaborar, implementar, coordenar e orientaras políticas e estratégias de cooperação no domínio da indústria e comércio a nível bilateral, regional e multilateral; reforçar a participação e representação do país nos organismos regionais e internacionais; participar nos processos negociais sobre a área da indústria e comércio; promover e coordenar as relações comerciais multilaterais no domínio da indústria e comércio; e identificar e mobilizar fundos (Fundo Comum, Aid for Trade, Quadro Integrado) e coordenar a sua implementação;

1.3 Objectivos

O projecto de consultoria tinha como objectivo de assistir o Governo a dois diferentes níveis, de uma lado apoiar a criação do Comité Inter Institucional do IF e na sequência, implementar o projecto proposto. Ao mesmo tempo iria prestar assistência na formulação e solidificação das posições nas negociações dos EPAs (Acordos de Parceria Económica).
O projecto contava ainda com os seguintes objectivos específicos: consolidar a implementação do projecto IF; aumentar a capacidade do MIC em lidar com os assuntos de comércio internacional; providenciar contribuições e consolidar estudos para os futuros mecanismos de financiamento do programa IF; assistir e consolidar os grupos de trabalho que serão o suporte do CII; e facilitar o diálogo entre os diferentes intervenientes (sector publico, sector privado e sociedade civil).

1.4 Actividades

Assistência ao IF incluía o seguinte: apoiar a implementação da Matriz do DTIS, desenvolvimento dos projectos e ligação com os doadores; identificar os projectos a serem implementados; prestar apoio no desenho dos termos de referência para a sua implementação; assistir tecnicamente o secretariado e os grupos de trabalho; assistir e consolidar o Comité Inter Institucional; assegurar a ligação e a fluxo de conhecimento com a sede do IF em Genebra e apoiar os encontros e visitas dos órgãos do IF; consolidar os grupos de trabalho do IF; e organizar os grupos de trabalho para apresentar o quadro do IF e a situação dos projectos a meio termo para os principais intervenientes do IF se apropriado.
A assistência para o desenho dos documentos dos projectos da janela II do IF, incluía: providenciar contributos para o desenho de projectos; assistir na preparação de todos os documentos necessário para os projectos no âmbito do IF; e servir de conselheiro para a implementação dos projectos do IF.
Por fim, o consultor recrutado prestou assessoria na identificação e preparação de projectos de acordo com a Matriz de Acção; na institucionalização do funcionamento do QIR e no desenho de mecanismos de monitoria e avaliação do programa.

1.5 Resultados esperados

Assim, o “Trade Specialist” ajudou na consolidação da iniciativa do QI através da ligação com os doadores e sectores identificados na Matriz de Acção do QI, bem como assessoria na elaboração dos projectos e na implementação dos projectos aprovados.

1.6 Implementação

Houve atraso do arranque do projecto uma vez que havia dificuldades em se encontrar candidatos com o perfil determinado nos termos de referência. Assim, houve necessidade de reformular a versão inicial e no lugar de se contratar um consultor optou-se por contratar-se dois consultores que se complementariam na execução do trabalho e isto só foi possível em Outubro de 2006. Contudo, uma das pessoas viria a desvincular-se do acordo celebrado com o MIC mesmo antes de iniciar com as funções. O assistente administrativo previsto no projecto não chegou de ser contratado.
Parte do trabalho do projecto foi implementado pela equipa de MIC/DRI enquanto se realizava o processo de contratação. O projecto MIC – Trade Specialist terminou em Outubro de 2007. Mas o consultor com quem o MIC havia celebrado o contracto apresentou um pedido para terminar com o seu contrato com efeitos a partir de 31 de Julho de 2007.
Desde então até a data de hoje que toda actividade de assistência ao quadro integrado está sendo feita pela equipa da DRI encarregue de assistir o Ponto Focal do QI, daí a necessidade da prorrogação do projecto de consultoria até Dezembro de 2008 e sua renovação para os anos seguintes enquanto durar a iniciativa do QI.
A renovação e contratação do consultor iria permitir os sectores com projectos em curso pudessem ser assistidos tecnicamente, o que é necessária para o re início; também permitiu a medição da primeira fase do Quadro Integrado, os resultados conseguidos e o seu impacto no crescimento económico e na redução da pobreza.

1.7 Avaliação

Eficiência, impactos e relevância – O projecto foi eficiente por ter apoiado o programa QI até o presente momento. O projecto surgiu tendo em conta a necessidade de apoiar o programa QI sendo relevante e com impacto positivo por suportar o programa QI.
Eficácia – O projecto, porém não foi eficaz por não ter atingido os resultados pretendidos sobretudo a não implementação da componente de apoio as negociações dos Acordos de Parceria Económica (EPAs).
Sustentabilidade – O projecto não foi implementado na integra por isso não é sustentável.
Planificação, Desenho de Projecto, Monitoria e implementação – A vida deste projecto foi interrompida, por isso, as dimensões de planificação, desenho do projecto, monitoria, implementação e impactos não se efectivaram, apesar disso as actividades do projecto foram asseguradas pela DRI, mesmo assim, não se pode aferir estas dimensões.

2.0 Projecto de Assistência Financeira para aquisição de equipamento laboratorial e capacitação de pessoal
2.1 Informação do Projecto

O projecto de Assistência Financeira para aquisição de equipamento laboratorial e capacitação do pessoal

Projecto Valor USD 137,090
Implementado entre: Fevereiro/2006 e Fevereiro 2007

O projecto se insere na matriz do DTIS nº 21 e 22 Cumprimento da qualidade e standards do SPS para assegurar o acesso ao mercado internacional; e melhorar o acesso do mercados dos produtos pesqueiros nacionais.
A falta de equipamento específico para a determinação dos metais pesados, histaminas e pesticidas dificultava o cumprimento antecipado e na íntegra do papel do INIP, complicando a avaliação dos níveis de contaminação, segurança do pescado e dos produtos de aquacultura para que possa respeitar as exigências do mercado internacional.
Foi devido a estas circunstâncias, que este projecto foi identificado não só apenas para a aquisição e instalação do equipamento laboratorial, mas também a capacitação do pessoal para que possa por sua vez satisfazer os standards e regulamentos e implementar os métodos analíticos necessários.
Trata-se de um projecto de aquisição de equipamento laboratorial e capacitação de pessoal em analises laboratorial e analíticos de forma a poderem usar o equipamento adquirido e se avaliar níveis de contaminação dos produtos pesqueiros, material de processamento e meio ambiente.

2.2 Preponente

Ministério das Pescas
Instituto Nacional de Inspecção do Pescado

Uma da tarefas do Ministério das Pescas é de salvaguardar o acesso dos produtos pesqueiros ao mercado e para que esta tarefa seja satisfeita, o Ministério das Pescas, criou o Instituto de Inspecção de Pescado que por sua vez monitora a qualidade e a segurança dos produtos pesqueiros.
O INIP é responsável de administrar 3 laboratórios no sul, centro e norte do pais. Como parte da sua missão de promover a aplicação de standards nacionais e internacionais no processamento dos produtos pesqueiros, sobretudo, no que diz respeito aqueles exigidos pela UE e outros países desenvolvidos. Estes laboratórios têm o papel fundamental de apoiar os programas de inspecção regulares de pescado bem como providenciar serviços analíticos para o sector pesqueiro.

2.3 Objectivos

Os objectivos do projecto incluíam a instalação o equipamento laboratorial e aplicação de métodos para analisar os metais pesados, histaminas e pesticidas de forma a respeitar as exigências do mercado internacional, capacitação os técnicos no uso do equipamento laboratorial e métodos analíticos e estabelecer o conhecimento sobre o maneio das opções do SPS.

2.4 Actividades

As actividade do projecto foram de aquisição de equipamento laboratorial para analisar metais pesado e histaminas e bem como a aquisição de conhecimento para o uso do mesmo equipamento.

2.5 Resultados esperados

Como resultado, o INIP melhorou o processo de inspecção tornando os exportadores capazes de processar os testes do SPS no país possível reduzindo os recursos e o tempo que eram aplicáveis a esta prática.
O projecto produziu conhecimento que esta a ser usado na promoção de atracção dos investimentos.
O projectos teve os seguintes resultados, melhoria do acesso ao mercado dos produtos moçambicanos demonstrado pelo facto de que em 2010 as exportações atingiram 11.959,13 toneladas contra as 11.220,40 de todo o ano de 2009, isto é, um aumento de 738,73 toneladas, em termos absolutos, equivalentes à taxa de crescimento de 7%.

2.6 Implementação

Com a aquisição de equipamento para o laboratório o INIP foi capaz de atrair financiamento adicional para expandir as instalações laboratoriais através do apoio do DFID e a NORAD complementado desta forma o projecto financiado pelo IF.

2.7 Avaliação

Eficiência, impactos e relevância – o projecto foi eficiente por ter contribuído para um impacto positivo que é o acesso ao mercados dos produtos pesqueiros e relevante devido a sua ligação com a Matriz do DTIS
Eficácia – o projecto foi eficaz por ter cumprido com os seus objectivos principais.
Sustentabilidade – a dimensão de sustentabilidade não foi articulada no desenho do projecto. E tendo em conta a natureza do projecto de fornecimento de equipamento, a sua sustentabilidade pode ser medido pela sua vida útil, capacidade de reposição e manutenção, enquanto, que a capacitação do pessoal e o numero limitado do pessoal capacitado torna o projecto não sustentável e desenho do projecto fraco.
Planificação, Monitoria e implementação – Devido ao sucesso do projecto as dimensões de planificação, monitoria, implementação e seus impactos foram positivos, sobretudo o acesso ao mercado dos produtos pesqueiros.

3.0 Projecto de Monitoramento de pescado para os mercados nacionais, regionais e internacionais (pesquisas laboratoriais e legislação)
3.1 Informação do Projecto

Projecto de Monitoramento de pescado para os mercados nacionais, regionais e internacionais (pesquisas laboratoriais e legislação)
Valor USD 103,900
Implementado entre: Junho/2008 e Maio 2010
Este projecto, também se insere na matriz do DTIS no 21 e 22 Cumprimento da qualidade e standards do SPS para assegurar o acesso ao mercado internacional; e melhorar o acesso do mercados dos produtos pesqueiros nacionais.

3.2 Preponente
Instituto Nacional de Inspecção do Pescado

3.3 Objectivos

Os principais objectivos do projecto era de fazer um estudo a escala nacional sobre a ocorrência e a observação dos metais pesados, histaminas de forma a assegurar a qualidade da exportação dos produtos marinhos e desenhar novo regulamento para o moluscos com vista a diversificação das exportações.

3.4 Actividades

O projecto contava com as seguintes actividades: deslocação aos locais de recolha de amostras de metais pesados; colheita de amostras; compra de material para colheita de amostras e fornecimento do laboratório; consultoria; análises e publicações
Algumas atividades tiveram que ser alteradas o que ocorreu processo de implementação das atividades previstas para o quarto trimestre de 2007, a saber: a visita ao locais planificado para amostragem de metais pesados e as coleta dos dados.
De salientar que certas das atividades programadas para o período em referência iniciaram sem necessidade de intervenção financeira foram realizadas antes da disponibilizarão dos fundos.

3.5 Resultados

O projecto tinha como resultados o protecção da saúde do consumidor; criação de uma confiança dos consumidores ao assegurar e providenciar a alta qualidade dos produtos marinhos; e melhorar a imagem da industria.

3.6 Implementação

O processo de implementação das atividades planificadas deparou-se com algumas dificuldades entre as quais o não recrutamento do especialista devido a falta de concorrentes e o aumento dos preços.

3.7 Avaliação

Eficiência, impactos e relevância – O projecto foi eficiente por ter produzido normas, porém o seu impacto não pode ser determinado pela avaliação, mesmo assim, é projecto relevante por estar inserido na matriz do DTIS.
Eficácia – O projecto foi eficaz por ter cumprido com o seu objectivo principal que é a produção e promulgação de legislação hígio-sanitário
Sustentabilidade – É um projecto sustentável, porque o resultado principal são regulamentos duradoiros para serem usado pelos utentes.
Planificação, Monitoria e implementação – Devido aos resultados do projecto as dimensões de planificação, monitoria, implementação e impactos foram positivos.

4.0 Projecto Assistência Financeira para a Produção da 3º Edição do manual do Exportador
4.1 Informação do Projecto

Projecto Assistência Financeira para a Produção da 3º Edição do Manual do Exportador
Valor USD 49,000
Implementado entre: Agosto 2006 e Dezembro 2006

O IPEX verificou que devido a dinâmica de comércio internacional, necessitava produzir e reproduzir o primeiro manual de comércio para melhor orientar os investidores e companhias nas suas operações de comércio externo.
Tendo como consideração o número 33 da Matriz de Acção do DTIS, diversificação dos produtos e mercado – melhoria da compreensão das exigências e oportunidades relacionados com os acordos regionais e preferenciais de comércio o IPEX propôs o projecto do Manual do Operador do Comércio Externo.

4.2 Preponente

O Instituto de Promoção das Exportações (IPEX) é uma unidade sócio-económica com fins não lucrativos, criado em 1990, com objectivo de impulsionar e coordenar a execução de medidas e políticas que visem o desenvolvimento das exportações moçambicanas.

4.3 Objectivos

O objectivo deste projecto era de produzir 4000 exemplares do Manual sendo 3000 em CD ROM e 1000 em “hardcopy”.

4.4 Actividades

O projecto previa a contratação de um consultor para fazer o levantamento, a analise e preparar a informação relevante para a produção do manual de acordo com os termos de referência.
A monitoria e avaliação foi realizada por um grupo de trabalho coordenado pelo IPEX.

4.5 Resultados esperados

Pretendia-se com este projecto a melhoria do ambiente dos negócios, aumento dos investimentos e redução da corrupção.

4.6 Implementação

A iniciativa orientou-se pelas matérias relacionadas comércio, procedimentos de importações e exportações e pesquisa ao mercado de forma a melhorar o ambiente nacional de negócios, especificamente para as PMAs.
O projecto Manual de Operador de Comércio Externo foi um trabalho multi sectorial que juntou o IPEX, MIC, Câmara de Comercio de Moçambique, Banco Central, Alfandegas, MADER.

4.7 Avaliação

Eficiência, impactos e relevância – O projecto apresentou um produto de difícil acesso por isso não foi eficiente nem relevante, devido fraca ligação com o numero da Matrix de Acção escolhida.
Eficácia – O produto resultante é uma compilação de vários instrumentos sendo ineficaz
Sustentabilidade – o projecto não produziu sinergias e o desenho do projecto não articulou a sustentabilidade, por isso, trata-se de uma projecto não sustentável e com um fraco desenho de projecto.
Planificação, Monitoria e implementação – o projecto é uma lista de compras, sendo assim, as dimensões de planificação, monitoria, implementação e impactos não são aplicáveis.

5.0 Projecto de Produção de Normas
5.1 Informação do Projecto

Projecto de Produção de Normas
Valor USD 147,271.50

Implementado entre: Outubro 2008 e Janeiro 2012
O projecto implementada se inseria nos números 21 e 22 da Matriz de Acção: Alcançar os standard de qualidade para assegurar o acesso ao mercado internacional, melhorar o acesso ao mercado externo dos produtos moçambicanos, e traduzir as normas da SADC e os standards internacionais para a língua portuguesa.

5.2 Preponente

Instituto Nacional de Normalização e Qualidade (INNOQ)

O INNOQ tem como objectivo estabelecer o Sistema Nacional de Qualidade de forma a melhorar a qualidade de produtos e serviços através da Normalização, Certificação, Metrologia e Gestão de Qualidade.

O INNOQ é membro da Organização Internacional de Estandardização (ISO), trabalha com o Grupo de Peritos sobre a Normalização da SADC. Ao mesmo tempo, o INNOQ é o ponto focal do Acordo de Barreiras Técnicas para o comércio (TBT) da OMC. Na área da Metrologia o INNOQ é membro correspondente da Organização Internacional para a Metrologia Legal (OIML)

O INNOQ consciencializa várias instituições sobre a necessidade de introduzir sistemas de qualidade e atingir a certificação. Tendo em conta, a necessidade de apoiar o desenvolvimento industrial e apoiar as exportações o INNOQ implementou o projecto de produção de Normas.

A necessidade de desenvolver uma política de qualidade que conduziria a melhoria da qualidade de vida do cidadão através da satisfação dos seguintes objectivos: protecção e manutenção da saúde e segurança do consumidor; conservação sustentável e protecção ambiental, contribuição para um ambiente condutivo ao desenvolvimento; contribuição no aumento das qualidade dos produtos e das exportações; criação de uma cultura de qualidade e consciencialização; e desenvolvimento do potencial humano.
Tendo sido identificada as circunstâncias acima. E a necessidade de assistência técnica não só no campo da metrologia industrial mas também na metrologia legal e calibração bem como na normalização e procedimentos de avaliação e conformidade.
5.3 Objectivos

O projecto de Produção de Normas tinha como objectivos providenciar assistência técnica no campo da metrologia, sua legalidade e calibração.
Especificamente tinha como objectivos desenvolver e publicar regulamentos standards sobre os seguintes produtos, amêndoa de caju, água, papaia, ananás, manga, litchi, chá, banana, copra, amostras de solo, material de construção, segurança e saúde no trabalho.

5.4 Actividades

As actividade desenvolvidas foram de produção, publicação e disseminação de normas. Foram constituídos grupos de trabalho que organizaram encontros de consulta ao publico e realizaram oficinas de validação das propostas.

5.5 Resultados

O projecto resultou em 24 normas de especificações para a castanha e amêndoa de caju; código de boas praticas para o processamento da castanha de caju e para as árvores de castanhas; código de boas práticas para a prevenção e redução de contaminação de aflotoxinas em árvores de castanhas; código de práticas para a embalagem e transporte de frutas frescas e vegetais; normas para arroz, banana, batata, tomate; código de prática para embalagem e transporte de frutas e vegetais tropicais; código de boas práticas higiénicas para as frutas frescas e vegetais; sistemas de gestão de segurança de alimentos, princípios gerais de higiene de alimentos, chá preto – definição e requisitos básicos, chá – classificação através de análises do tamanho das partículas; chá preto – vocabulário; métodos de amostragem para o chá, lichi – especificações; sistemas de gestão da segurança e saúde no trabalho; avaliação de conformidade, critérios gerais para o funcionamento de diferentes tipos de organizações que executam a inspecção; postes de madeira –tratamento de madeira; postes de madeira – características e dimensões, veículos – dimensões de veículos automóveis, reboque e semi-reboques; e equipamento informático.

5.6 Implementação

Esta iniciativa apoiou a tradução de standards estrangeiros e/ou internacionais para a língua portuguesa; fotocopiar os documentos de trabalho; organizar encontros de comités técnicos; realizar testes laboratoriais, visitas e anúncios; testes de leitura e impressão de standards nacionais; e promover a adopção de diferentes intervenientes.

5.7 Avaliação

Eficiência, impactos e relevância – O projecto foi relevante por ter se complementado com outros projectos cujos seus impactos elevaram a visibilidade da instituição e é relevante por estar inserido na matriz do DTIS.
Eficácia – O projecto foi eficaz por ter atingido os objectivos definidos.
Sustentabilidade e desenho de projecto – Apesar de não te articulado a dimensão de sustentabilidade no seu desenho, o projecto produziu normas sendo assim sustentável mas com um desenho de projecto fraco.
Planificação, Monitoria e implementação – as dimensões de planificação, desenho de projecto, monitoria e implementação ficaram condicionados devido separação dos projectos (os 2 projectos financiados pelo QI).

6.0 Projecto de Capacitação de Técnicos no Uso de Equipamento de Laboratório e Métodos Analíticos
6.1 Informação do Projecto

Valor USD 132,749.90
Implementado entre: Outubro/2008 e Março 2010

O projecto também se inseria nos números 21 e 22 da Matriz de Acção: Alcançar os standard de qualidade para assegurar o acesso ao mercado internacional, melhorar o acesso ao mercado externo dos produtos moçambicanos, e traduzir as normas da SADC e os standards internacionais para a língua portuguesa.
O projecto de Capacitação de Técnicos no Uso de Equipamento de Laboratório e Métodos Analíticos foi criado no âmbito das necessidade de providenciar assistência técnica não só no campo da industria metrologia e nem apenas na metrologia legal e calibração mas bem como a capacitação em normalização em conformidade com os procedimentos de avaliação.

6.2 Preponente

O Instituto Nacional de Normalização e Qualidade (INNOQ) é um instituto público, de âmbito nacional, tutelado pelo Ministério da Indústria e Comércio, dotado de personalidade jurídica e com autonomia administrativa.
O Instituto Nacional de Normalização e Qualidade (INNOQ) foi criado em 1993, pelo Decreto-lei nº 2/93 do Conselho de Ministros, de 24 de Março.
O Instituto Nacional de Normalização e Qualidade (INNOQ) foi criado com o objectivo fundamental de impulsionar e coordenar a Política Nacional da Qualidade, através da concretização das actividades de Normalização, Metrologia, Certificação e Gestão da Qualidade, tendo em vista o desenvolvimento da economia nacional.

6.3 Objectivos

O projecto tinha como objectivos, a capacitação técnica e investimento em infra-estruturas (testes e laboratórios) necessários para o INNOQ; e alcançar as medidas SPS e standards de qualidade para assegurar o acesso aos mercados internacionais.

6.4 Actividades

Concretamente, através da capacitação institucional pretendia-se o seguinte: treinar 2 técnicos de metrologia, um técnico da metrologia legal, treinar cinco técnicos nos procedimentos standards, realizar um seminário de consciencialização sobre os instrumentos de verificação e calibração, capacitar os auditores de qualidade e consciencializar os interveniente sobre a avaliação de conformidade.

6.5 Resultados esperados

A agilização do processo de normalização dos produtos pesqueiros e agrícolas que ao mesmo tempo obedeçam as medidas SPS, exigidas no mercado internacional foi também alcançado através da implementação deste projecto
E ainda melhorou os standards de habilidade de escrita; os comités técnicos de gestão, técnicas de controle de qualidade e a qualidade, segurança e competitividade dos produtos nacionais.
O projecto teve como resultados, o aumento de capacidade na metrologia legal e industrial, a melhoria do conhecimento dos técnicos sobre a estandardização e avaliação
Tendo em conta que o Governo de Moçambique através do INNOQ pretende facilitar o processo certificação fazendo que os exportadores tenham certificados válidos no país a iniciativa visou a redução de custos associados e inerentes à certificação.

6.6 Implementação
(idem 5.6)

6.7 Avaliação

Considera-se o mesmo que foi dito na avaliação do projecto anterior por se tratar de um único projecto mas repartido em 2.
Eficiência e relevância – O projecto foi eficiente por ter se complementado com outras projectos do INNOQ, através dos seus impactos e relevante devido a sua forte ligação com a matriz do DTIS.
Eficácia – O projecto foi eficaz por ter cumprido com os seus objectivos de aumento de capacidade técnica.
Sustentabilidade e desenho de projecto – É um projecto não sustentável, porque o resultado principal aumento de capacidade estava destinado um numero limitado de técnicos e devido a mobilidade a capacidade instalada pode ruir. E ainda, o desenho do projecto é fraco.

Planificação, Monitoria e implementação – Os impactos foram positivos pelo aumento da capacidade técnica. Enquanto que as dimensões de planificação, monitoria e implementação ficaram condicionados devido separação dos projectos (os 2 projectos financiados pelo QI).

7.0 Projecto Produção e Melhoramento de Estatísticas de Comércio Externo
7.1 Informação do Projecto

O Produção e Melhoramento de Estatísticas de Comércio Externo
Valor USD 298,177
Implementado entre: Julho/2006 e Julho 2007
O projecto implementado estava inserido nos números 19 e 47 da Matriz de Acção do DTIS: Melhorar a recolha, disseminação e analise da informação em geral e particularmente os dados estatísticos; e Monitorar o impacto do comércio na pobreza

7.2 Preponente

Instituto Nacional de Estatística (INE) é o órgão do Governo responsável pela compilação e disseminação de estatística, incluindo estatísticas de comércio internacional.

7.3 Objectivos

O objectivo geral deste projecto era de dotar o INE de capacidade de lidar com como os dados de comércio externo em harmonia com os standards internacional.

7.4 Actividades

As actividades do projecto incluíam, a instalação, adopção e assimilação de dados estatísticos totalmente funcionais internacionalmente reconhecidos e acreditados bem como analise de sistemas; produção atempada de estatísticas de comércio precisos numa base mensal e anual; operadores do sistema SAS altamente treinados; e manuais de operação e registo de metodologias standards e de rotina.

7.5 Resultados esperados

O projecto esperava ter os seguintes resultados:
• Harmonização com os Standards internacionais;
• Melhorados dados de estatísticos das alfândegas e do comércio;
• Dados de comércio normalizados entre os sectores;
• Base estatística para o controle monetário (taxas de câmbio) melhoradas, transparentes e mais refinadas bem como a política fiscal, recolha de impostos e a conta nacional da indústria e agricultura;
• Melhorada a habilidade analisar e monitorar praticas desleais de comércio;
• Decisões de política melhoradas bem como a performance a nível micro; e
• Redução de dados irregulares.

7.6 Implementação

Com a implementação deste projecto os sistemas do INE atingiram os standards internacionais através da aquisição de hardware e software e capacitação do pessoal.
Com a implementação do projecto a capacidade institucional foi reforçada com o uso de standards e regulamentos empregues na produção de estatísticas para o comércio externo. Como a capacitação em operação de SPSS melhorou a recolha, tratamento e análise de dados; verificou-se maior eficiência nas técnicas de controle de qualidade e métodos de análise de dados consistentes o que permitiu o reconhecimento internacional do INE. Desta forma, melhorou-se a disseminação e tornou os dados estatísticos mais apurados.
A melhoria da qualidade dos dados e a redução de atrasos da sua disponibilização teria benefícios transversais que ao mesmo tempo levariam a melhoria das decisões políticas e performance dos projectos de nível micro.

7.7 Avaliação

Eficiência, impactos e relevância – A eficiência do projecto foi positivo, porém seu impacto foi momentâneo porque só produziu resultados durante a sua implementação. E trata-se de um projecto relevante por estar inserido do DTIS.
Eficácia – O projecto não foi eficaz porque os seus efeitos não foram para além do tempo da sua implementação.
Sustentabilidade – Pelos motivos atrás mencionados o projecto não é sustentável.
Planificação, Monitoria e implementação – As dimensões de Planificação, Monitoria e Implementação não foram positivas porque logo que o projecto terminou as actividades do mesmo não foram inseridas nas instituições executoras.

F. Impactos gerais e lições apreendidas

Os projectos financiados pelo IF, visavam o aumento de capacidade institucional e de pessoal, sendo assim o MIC/DRI, INIP e o INNOQ bem como o IPEX, este ultimo que implementou um projecto de informação e visibilidade registaram melhorias de performance na prestação de serviços e redução de custos inerentes as suas operações, desta forma os seus impactos directos são positivos.

Os projectos do INIP e do INNOQ, tiveram ainda impactos bastante positivos adicionais, pelo facto de terem conseguido sinergias através de projectos adicionais e de complementaridade, estes últimos apoiado por parceiros bilaterais, o que contribuiu para maior acesso à informação de comércio e investimento; maior acesso ao mercado internacional e a competitividade dos produtos nacionais.

Porém, o impacto dos mesmos projectos é extensível a terceiros, ou seja os que procuram os serviços daquelas instituições. Sendo assim, a medição de impactos a terceiros se revela limitada porque os projectos não colocaram instrumentos que facilitariam tal exercício. E a presente avaliação não tinha provimento para este cobrir esta componente.

Fora daquele quadro, encontra-se o projecto do INE que devido a rotatividade do pessoal da Alfandegas enfrentou dificuldades de continuidade depois do fim do projecto. Este facto, mostra a fraca ligação entre as instituições na responsabilização da planificação e no tratamento dos resultados do projecto que resultou na não incorporação desta actividade no trabalho do pessoal das alfandegas.

O Programa IF em Moçambique no quadro da ajuda ao comércio enfrentou dificuldades, sobretudo de concepção e implementação dos projectos, porém a suas contribuições vieram para ficar. Este relatório analisou os projectos financiados pelo fundo do IF no quadro das sua planificação até a implementação bem como os seus impactos. As lições apreendidas e suas implicações são de importância estratégica para a planificações de futuros programas e projectos de ajuda ao comércio, ou seja:
1. A necessidade de assistir tecnicamente os sectores no ciclo dos projectos no quadro do programa QIR é obvio. Porém, é necessário que seja feito com a consulta ou participação dos todos os beneficiários, dando a todos os intervenientes o papel chave em definir prioridades, planificar, implementar, monitorar e avaliar as iniciativas;
2. Tendo em conta a tendência da redução de ajuda orçamental, os programas temáticos como o QIR, que tem uma abordagem de fundo de apoio dentro do quadro de Ajuda ao Comércio deveriam ser encorajadas e bem implementadas para que a Ajuda ao Comércio seja mais relevante no país;
3. Considerando que os sectores tiveram a tendência de submeter propostas projectos de capacitação, a diversificação deveria ser considerada para o futuro. Desta forma, o apoio ao sector produtivo ou organizações produtivas (cadeia de produção de frutas, vegetais, pescado, oleaginosas, grãos e industrias criativas) deve ser levado em conta para os futuros projectos do QIR como resposta aos desafios da liberalização de comércio e sobretudo da erosão das preferências;
4. Tendo em conta as sinergias criadas e as complementaridade de alguns projectos a planificação, desenho do projecto, implementação, monitoria e avaliação dos futuros projectos do QIR devem incluir a dimensão de continuidade;
5. Houve uma fraca sincronização entre aprovação, desembolso e implementação o que frustrou as expectativas de todos os intervenientes;

G. Conclusões e recomendações

Os projectos implementados pelos sete sectores contribuíram no aumento da capacidade de gestão administrativa e programática de cada uma daqueles sectores e no geral para os intervenientes do desenvolvimento nomeadamente Governo (e seus sectores), sector privado e sociedade civil. O IF contribuiu para que o comércio não seja visto como apenas assunto do Ministério da Indústria e Comércio mas sim da responsabilidade de todos os sectores que lidam com o comércio e assuntos relacionados.
A implementação dos projectos criaram sinergias e complementaridades o que poderá ser uma referência sólida para o QIR. Apesar disso, o seu sucesso foi muito limitado e várias razões terão concorrido para que tal aconteça, foi uma combinação de factores desde o limite financeiro, decisões de gestão do programa, a não implementação do NIU e a fraca apropriação do programa pelos intervenientes
A monitoria e avaliação dos projectos seguiram a modalidade NEX econtrariamente as exigências do IF que estabelece que cada projecto deveria seguir as suas especificidades e o uso de mecanismos locais ligados a estratégia contra a pobreza para escolher a modalidade de revisão e avaliação.
Tendo em conta que a implementação do NEX é um tarefa complexa e difícil, apesar de haver directrizes e orientações de monitoria e avaliação. E tendo em conta que o NEX era e é um processo em contínuo melhoramento tendo em conta que improvisam enquanto diante desafios de implementação práticos, o uso desta modalidade no QIR devia ter sido ser profundamente avaliada.
H. Resumo da avaliação
Eficiência Eficácia Relevância Sustentabilidade Planificação Projecto Monitoria Implementação Impactos
MIC/DRI Afirmativo Não Afirmativo Não Fraco Fraco NEX Fraco Positivo
INIP1 Afirmativo Afirmativo Afirmativo Não determinado Positivo Positivo NEX Positivo Positivo
INIP2 Afirmativo Perfeito Afirmativo Não Positivo Positivo Positivo Registou atraso Por determinar
IPEX Não Não Não Não Muito fraco Muito fraco NEX Muito fraco Por determinar
INNOQ1 Afirmativo Afirmativo Afirmativo Afirmativo Positivo Positivo NEX Positivo Positivo
INNOQ2 Afirmativo Afirmativo Afirmativo Afirmativo Positivo Positivo NEX Positivo Positivo
INE Limitado Não Afirmativo Não Fraco Fraco NEX Fraco Limitados

I. Referências bibliográficas

AfDB (2006), Mozambique 2006-2009, Country Strategy Paper. African Development Bank. Tunis. Tunísia.
CCM, GDM, FDC and G20. 2007. Seminário sobre a Avaliação das Organizações da Sociedade Civil nos Observatórios da Pobreza. Workshop na Beira, 29-30 Março 2007, Not-published.
Cline W.R. (2004). Trade policy and global poverty. Institute for International Economics. Washington, DC. USA.
Enhanced Integrated Framework. http://www.enhancedif.org/
Enhanced Integrated Framework. (2012) Mid-Term Review. SAANA Consulting.
FRANCISCO A., (2007), Poverty Observatory in Mozambique, Final Report.
Plano de Acção de Redução da Pobreza Absoluta 2006/9.www.portaldogoverno.gov.mz/…gov/programa/fo_parpa_2
Relatório Anual INIP (2010). http://www.inip.gov.mz/
Tamele, V. Observatório da Pobreza para Quem? In Notícias 2006.
Tamele, V. Comércio e Pobreza, in Notícias 2007.
UNCTAD, New York/Geneva (2006). The Least Developed Countries. Report 2006, Developing the Productive Capacities. http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/ldc2010_en.pdf
UNCTAD, New York/Geneva (2006). Trade and Development Report, 2006. Global Partnership and National Policies for Development. http://www.unctad.org
UNCTAD, New York/Geneva (2006). UNCTAD Contribution to the Mid-Term Review of the Programme of Action for the LDCs for the Decade 2001-2010. Progress made, Results achieved and Lessons Learned. http://www.unctad.org

J. Pessoas entrevistadas e responsáveis da implementação dos projectos

Agonias Macia Tel. 00258 82025650
Ministério da Indústria e Comércio
Departamento das Relações Internacionais
Ana Timana Tel. 00258 824768750
Ministério das Pescas
Instituto Nacional de Inspecção de Pescado
Benjamin Cesarino Tel. 00258824249160
Instituto Nacional de Normalização e Qualidade
Carlos Riquixo Tel. 00258 829754620
Ministério das Pescas
Instituto Nacional de Inspecção de Pescado
Cirilo Tembe Tel. 00258 827286255
Instituto Nacional de Estatística
Manuel Gaspar Tel. 00258 823012130
Instituto Nacional de Estatística
José Jossias Tel. 00258 823076980
Instituto de Promoção das Exportações
Octávio Franscisco Instituto de Promoção das Exportações

K. Ficha de Perguntas

Perguntas

1. Até aonde os projectos satisfizeram os objectivos do QI?

2. Quais a principais razões do progresso ou da falta da tal satisfação?

3. Se refere as medidas de planeamento, monitoria e avaliação do vosso projecto

4. Que medidas institucionais foram adoptadas e implementadas no quadro da implementação das estratégias relacionados com o comércio?

5. Que elementos de continuidade e sinergias foram realizados?

6. Terão os recursos e os imputs (fundos; tempo e talento dos membros do Conselho de Administração e os componentes da estrutura do QI do(s) projecto(s) sido convertidos em resultados

7. Que recomendações

CONTENTS

ABBREVIATIONS 3
FOREWORD 4
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 6
A. ECONOMY, DEVELOPMENT AND POVERTY REDUCTION PROSPECTS 8
ECONOMIC OVERVIEW 8
MACROECONOMIC POLICY 9
DEVELOPMENT AND POVERTY REDUCTION 13
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL PROTECTION AND LABOUR 15
GENDER 16
TRADE IN SADC AND SERVICES NEGOTIATIONS 19
B. SERVICES 21
BANKING AND INSURANCE 22
ENERGY 30
TOURISM 32
TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS 34
TRANSPORTS AND PORT LOGISTICS 36
TELECOMMUNICATIONS 45
MODE IV 48
CONCLUSIONS 50
REFERENCES 53
INSTITUTIONS AND PEOPLE CONTACTED 54
Table List
TABLE I.A – MACROECONOMIC INDICATORS 9
TABLE II.A – BUDGET 11
Table III.A – Public Finance Table IV.A – Public Finances 12
Table V.A – GDP by sector 14
Table VI.A – Mozambique has received the following request 20 Table VII.A – Schedule of Service Negotiations 21 Table VIII.B – Credit to the sectors 25 Table IX.B – Transport and communication growth rate 36 Table X.B – Trading across borders in Southern African Countries 42 Table XI.B – Donor Coordination 44 Table XII.B Mobile phone penetration 47

ABBREVIATIONS

BdPES Economic and Social Plan Review
CAGR Compound Growth Rate
EMOSE Empresa Moçambicana de Seguros
DRFI Disaster Risk Financing and Insurance
DTIS Diagnostic Trade Integration Study
CPI Center for Promotion Integration
FDI Foreign Direct Investment
GATS genral Agreement of Trade in Service
GDP Gross Domestic Production
GPI Gender Parity Index
GOM Government of Mozambique
LNG Large Liquefied Natural Gas
LPI Logistics Performance Index MIC
ICT Information and Communication Technology
INIP Instituto Nacional de Investigação Pesqueira
MPDC Maputo Port Development Corridor
PARP Poverty Reduction Strategy
PERPU Strategic Plan for the Reduction of Urban Poverty
PES Economic and Social Plan
RITES Rail India Technology and Economic Service
SADC Southern Africa Development Community
SMEs Small and Medium Entreprise
SPI Gestão e Investimentos
UNWTO United Nations World Tourism Organisation
WTTC World Travel and Tourism Council
WTO World Trade Organisation

Foreword

As the present study is an update of previous one and what was recommended is still has its merit we decided to use the 2007 foreword that was written by Ricardo Meléndez-Ortiz
Chief Executiv of ICTSD:

Eleven years after services were included in the multilateral trading system, the WTO’s General Agreement on Trade in Service (GATS) remains an unfinished project. It continues to arouse scepticism among its original proponents, given the arguably low level of liberalization attained so far, and there exists a deep concern among others with regard to the policy orientation of its provisions.

In the context of international negotiations, the GATS was the result of a complex process of political quid pro quos that propelled services on the agenda of the Uruguay Round negotiations. By and large, major services providers in the US and Europe acted as demandeurs for services rules and for a process that would lead to global trade expansion in the sector. Their counterparts in developing countries were more perplexed and their development concerns, though omnipresent in the process, were ultimately left vague. The absence of data, commercial insecurity and a crippling perception of an unfavourably tilted playing field prevailed in development circles throughout the negotiations. Broad public policy issues remained off the negotiations table. Difficult tensions – arising, for instance, from the fundamentally different approaches of diverse public law traditions to the role of the state in the provision of certain services – permeated the discussions. In short, the eight years of discussion that led to the creation of the GATS represented a hugely rich, creative and analytical effort, characterised by complexity, technicality and a high degree of politisation.

The implementation of the agreement has perpetuated this pattern. As we move into the liberalisation phase mandated as a built-in agenda in the GATS, policy-makers in developing countries, academics, civil society analysts and advocacy organisations have expressed serious reservations about the potential implications of requiring developing countries to make greater market access concessions; the need to sequence liberalisation; the lack of adequate domestic regulatory frameworks; the imperative of universal access for essential services; and institutional reform and good governance. The unresolved discussions on whether liberalisation and the further advancement of negotiations can proceed in the absence of the mandated impact assessment of implementation seems to be most troubling for practically all parties. Indeed, a comprehensive policy analysis of the implications of trade in services for sustainable development, and of the policy spaces available for implementing public policies, is still missing.

At the national level, the impact of services liberalisation on the local economy is among the most challenging and controversial issues. In many developing countries, the services sector has grown over the last two decades to comprise roughly half of their gross domestic production. At the same time, trade in services continues to comprise only small portion of total trade flow, with most services being domestically generated and supplied., Yet the sector remains largely underdeveloped, and the regulatory framework is inadequate.

At international level, most developing countries have had difficulties articulating their negotiations positions beyond rhetoric and general statements. So far, only a handful of developing countries have submitted formal requests and offers. While it is true that there may have been posturing due to the perception of deficient progress in the other negotiations areas, for some it is simply a lack of genuine understanding or familiarity with the GATS and the WTO negotiating context. This is symptomatic fo a lack of deeper, substantive knowledge of their interest in specific sectors and modes of supply and rules, as well as a lack of human resources in relation to negotiating capacity. However, as heavy domestic support measures in agriculture, non-tariff barriers, preference erosion and supply side constraints continue to hamper least developed country (LDC) exports to the markets of developed industrialized countries, the services trade is steadily gaining momentum as an alternative channel for providing new opportunities for diversification and export oriented economic growth

Mozambique, like many LDCs, continues to be compounded by a lack of data or real statistics of trade in services. To address this concern, ICTSD has commissioned a series of studies on the opportunities and risks of liberalising services trade in selected developing countries as part of its programme on Trade in Services and Sustainable Development. These country studies look at Bangladesh, Guatemala, Mozambique, Nicaragua, Pakistan, South Africa and Tanzania. The studies have been carried out in cooperation with local researchers and experts through a participatory process involving a wide range of domestic stakeholders. As such, these studies are intended as a practical tool for policy makers and non-state actors with an interest in services trade. They have been designed to contribute to the reality of developing countries’ services economy and to identify offensive and defensive negotiating interests.

As a least developed country, Mozambique is not obliged to take on additional commitments, though it remains actively involved in the GATS negotiations by pursuing a strategy of ‘critical engagement’. For Mozambique, services liberalisation can play a positive role in improving the competitiveness of the goods sector and other services, as well as increasing the efficiency of domestic services sectors and export opportunities. At the same time, Mozambique is involved in other regional and bilateral trade negotiations such as the Economic Partnership Agreements with the European Union where further liberalization in services has been high on the agenda.
The present study, produced in collaboration with the Economic Justice Coalition, shows that services like transport, electricity and tourism are highly tradable and are priority sectors for Mozambique, which is fast becoming an exporter of these goods. This is an important fact that should be given due consideration since available statistics show that the level of market concentration in the services and utility sector tends to be significantly higher that of the manufacturing sector. Mozambique’s strategic geographic location also makes it a natural regional transport and service hub connecting several countries in Southern Africa namely: Botswana, South Africa, Swaziland, which is evidenced by the major role in rendering transport and logistical services to the region.

This study comes at an opportune time for Mozambique. By implementing concerted measures for macroeconomic stabilization and structural reforms, the country looks to transform its economy towards a higher degree of openness and export orientation. In this context, the paper provides a much needed backstopping analysis for the definition of Mozambique’s negotiations interests in bilateral, regional and multilateral negotiations

We you will find this pleasant and informative reading and an effective contribution to the debate.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Mozambique achieved an impressive average of 7.2 percent growth thanks to the boost in coal mining production, coupled with strong performance in the financial services sector, transport and communications, and construction, increased the GDP. The strong economic expansion has promoted investment in the country’s weak infrastructures, developed around the three main logistic corridors.
The financial system has been the fastest growing sector, and overall financial intermediation has deepened. There are still high borrowing costs but the interest rate spread between loans and deposit rates is going down. The system remains both small and limited and levels of financial exclusion are very high, with the poor not access funding.
The insurance service is a challenge and affects the reinsurance. both reinsurance and insurance are heavily correlated to the global trends. The growing number of providers shows how is linked to the current economic growth and stability.
The WTTC estimate that in 2011 travel and tourism contributed in total 7.0 percent of Mozambique’s GDP. The tourism being transformed, which required legislation reform. The GOM is keenly interested in developing the tourism sector as one of the economic growth engines.

Mozambique has 2,700Km of coast, the third largest coastal extension in Africa representing a potential to develop the industry of transport and logistics nationally. The railway coal transport specifically had increased 94.5 percent due the coal transportation.

The cost of export and import in Mozambique are about 60 percent of the average costs in Sub-Saharan Africa, and the time required to export and import is around 70 percent of the Sub-Saharan average.

The telecommunications environment is one of the less developed markets in sub-Saharan Africa, although a concerted effort has been underway for the past years to correct this situation. The mobile development has been part of the Mozambican government’s institutional reforms that include the inception of a sector policy.

The trade in services are being negotiated under the SADC following objectives and principles based on progressive liberalization stated on SADC Trade in Service Protocol that aim to promote interdependence and integration of its member states economies.

The initial offer and request in SADCC trade services negotiations came from only 4 states, Lesotho, Mauritius, South Africa and Zambia. The Request targeted almost all member states with some exceptions.

In general, the member states request are aiming to cover a broad sub sectors covering commitments Mode 1, 2, 3 and the few requests aiming specific to the Mode 4 referred in the horizontal commitments in telecommunications, audiovisual, courier, telecommunications, transport.

The report is update findings outdated opportunities, the improving country bargaining position in negotiations, the promotion investment, the access of technology and the increase compositeness among the national service providers. As it is already reported the sectors not only face trade in service negotiations lack of capacity but they lack on basic understanding of the matter. The GOM must act quickly with capacity building programme to fill the gap otherwise the Mozambique GATS commitments are in risk.

Viriato Tamele
Maputo

A. ECONOMY, DEVELOPMENT AND POVERTY REDUCTION PROSPECTS.

1. ECONOMIC OVERVIEW

Mozambique has a high population growth rate at 2.8 percent and an estimated 300 000 new entrants into the labour market every year. The current country’s high economic growth rates have largely been driven by capital-intensive projects, particularly in extractive industries.

The overall unemployment rate stands at 27 percent of formal economy is largely urban in nature and accounts for only 32 percent of all employment. As a result, many of the new entrants into the labour market are forced into marginal jobs in the informal economy, both in rural and urban areas, with little prospect of reliable employment.
Mozambique achieved an impressive average growth of 7.2 percent during the last decade. The continuation of high Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows, mostly in extractive industry, together with strong agricultural growth and infrastructure investment may have driven growth to 7.5 and 7.9 percent in 2012 and 2013.
The export base remains narrow, with more than half of exports being aluminium. Only 15 products registered annual exports higher than USD 1 million, traditionally including cashew, shrimp, copra, sugar and cotton.
The boost in coal mining production, coupled with strong performance in financial, transport communications and construction services helped to push GDP real growth rate to 7.2 percent in 2011.
The rollout of pro-poor measures prepared during 2011, coupled with an ambitious infrastructure investment programme should have widened the fiscal deficit from ‑3.3 in 2011 to ‑6.8 and ‑7.4 percent in 2012 and 2013. The claimed re-negotiations of contracts with mega-projects and the diversification of the revenue base, in particular through enhanced extractive sector taxation, is paramount to sustain and promote an inclusive growth agenda. Other literature reports, a hard-line approach to renegotiation could lead to adverse long-term effects for Mozambique, including in terms of risk perceptions and potential litigation costs. Any discussion could easily be envisaged, however (IPR 59-2012 )
In response to the 2010 civil unrest the government restructured its development agenda around a new Action Plan for Reducing Poverty 2011 – 14 (PARP), focused on increased agricultural production, promotion of employment linked to the development of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) and investment in human and social development.
2. MACROECONOMIC
Mozambique’s main medium-term economic structural challenge is the broadening of its fiscal base. Aid flows were expected to decrease continually from 51.4 percent of budget in 2010 to 39.6 percent in 2012.
TABLE I.A – BACROECONOMIC INDICATORS
2010 2011(E) 2012(P) 2013(P)
REAL GDP GROWTH 6,8 7,2 7,5 7,9
REAL GDP PER CAPITA GROWTH 4,5 5,0 5,2 5,6
CPI INFLATION 12,7 10,8 7,2 5,6
BUDGET BALANCE % GDP -4,0 -3,3 -6,8 -7,4
CURRENT ACCOUNT % GDP -12,1 -25,6 -25,5 -20,0
SOURCE: AFRICA OUTLOOK, DATA BASED ON ESTIMATIONS USING INE DATA; ESTIMATES (E) AND PREDICTION (P) BASED ON AUTHORS’ CALCULATIONS

2.1 Fiscal Policy and Budgeting

Along with strong growth, the Central Bank’s policy consistent by tight monetary measure, supported by a prudent fiscal policy, reduced the end of year inflation from 12.7 to 10.8 percent in 2011. Prospects of a further decrease in inflation to 7.2 in 2012 and stabilisation at 5.6 percent in 2013, will allow a monetary policy easing in 2012, targeting credit expansion.
The main pillars of Mozambique’s fiscal policy continue to be the strengthening of revenue collection, reducing transfers, and supporting disinflation. The 2011 budget projected a 6.5 percent fiscal deficit to accommodate the government’s medium-term growth and poverty reduction objectives, based on overcoming the country’s infrastructure and skills’ deficiencies, while providing enhanced social safety nets. The excessive burden of fuel and other emergency subsidies introduced in 2010 to calm social unrest, led to a budgetary revision with a partial phasing out of these subsidies. The budget also introduced a 7 percent increase in expenditure, re-allocating resources from capital to current expenditures designed to create new social protection schemes.
Despite these extra-budgetary expenses, lower than expected resort to non-facilitated grants and slow disbursements of donor-financed capital spending, coupled with strong revenue collection, produced a fiscal deficit of just ‑3.3 percent.
The 2012 budget is a structured response to address the social challenges and support the PARP 2011‑14, which is focused on an inclusive growth model. Education and Health will have a budgetary real increase of 6.32 and 4.42 percent respectively, while capital expenditure will suffer a real decrease of 7.2 percent.

TABLE II.A – BUDGET
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2012 2013
Population, mn 3 20.5 e 21 e 21.5 e 22 f
Nominal GDP, US$bn 3 8.1 10.6 e 10.5 e 11.6 f
GDP per capita, US$ 4 395 e 506 e 490 e 530 f
Real GDP growth, % change y-o-y 5 7 6.8 e 5.8 e 6.5 f

Budget balance, MZMbn 5 -25.4 -42 e -44.8 e -53 f
Budget balance, % of GDP 1,4 -2.1 -2.1 e -5 e -4.1 f

Consumer prices, % y-o-y, ave 6 9.2 14.7 3.5 e 3.8 f
Consumer prices, % y-o-y, eop 6 12.1 11.8 1 e 6.5 f
Lending rate, %, eop 3 18.9 18 15.5 e 14.5 f
Real Lending Rate, %, eop 7 8.9 2.9 11.6 e 10.4 f

Exchange rate MZM/US$, ave 3 25.6 23.91 26.55 e 26.5 f
Exchange rate MZM/US$, eop 3 23.5 25.1 28 e 25 f

OPEC basket Price, US$/bbl, ave 2,8 69 95.4 e 45.5 e 48.5 f

Goods Exports, US$bn 5 2.4 2.6 e 2.1 e 2.3 f
Goods imports, US$bn 5 2.8 3.5 e 3 e 3.3 f
Balance of trade in goods, US$bn 5 -0.4 -0.8 e -1 e -1 f
Current account, US$bn 5 -0.8 -1 e -1 e -1 f
Current account, % of GDP 4 -7.8 -8.1 e -7.4 e -7.1 f

Notes: e BMI estimates. f BMI forecasts. 1 fiscal balance including grants; 2 Global assumptions correct when forecasts generated; Sources: 3 IMF. 4 Mozambique authorities/IMF/BMI calculations; 5 Mozambique authorities/IMF; 6 INE; 7 IMF/BMI calculations; 8 OPEC. http://www.meamonitor.com/file/7011/home.html

There are, however, fiscal challenges on the horizon. In the short term, financing both the investment plan and the social protection schemes to sustain social peace will strain fiscal resources. In the medium term foreign aid support, which represents 40 percent of budget, is expected to diminish.
Fiscal revenue collection increased from 19.6 percent of GDP in 2010 to 20.2 percent in 2011 and is expected to reach 20.6 percent in 2012. Nevertheless, a revision on natural resource extraction and mega-project taxation is crucial.

2003 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
TOTAL REVENUE AND GRANTS 24.7 25.6 25 26.5 27.1 29.7 29.4 27.3 26.1
TAX REVENUE 14.3 12.9 14.1 15 15.6 18.1 19.1 18.3 17.3
OIL REVENUE – – – – – – – – –
GRANTS 9.5 10.6 9 9.4 9.5 9.1 7.7 6.5 6.3
TOTAL EXPENDITURE AND NET LENDING (A) 30.2 27.2 27.3 33 32.6 33.6 32.7 34.2 33.5
CURRENT EXPENDITURE 14.2 14.4 15.3 14.8 18 19 18 17.5 16.4
EXCLUDING INTEREST 13 13.7 14.7 14.2 17.5 18.2 17.1 16.4 15.8
WAGES AND SALARIES 6.7 7.2 7.7 7.9 8.9 9.3 8.5 8 7.6
INTEREST 1.2 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.9 0.9 1.1 0.6
PRIMARY BALANCE 11.4 -0.9 -1.8 18.3 12.9 14 13.4 13.7 14.3
OVERALL BALANCE -4.3 -1.6 -2.4 -6 -5 -3.1 -2.4 -5.8 -6.8
Table III.A – Public Finance

Source: Economy Outlook
Figures for 2010 are estimates; for 2011 and later are projections.
Currently, revenues from these activities represent roughly 5 percent of company profits due to fiscal exemptions and benefits. If the fiscal regime were fully applied the figure would rise to 30 percent.
Customs performance and trade facilitation have the potential to improve significantly with the introduction of the Janela Única Electrónica , the electronic taxing system E-tributação and other internal soft applications.
Table IV.A – Public Finances
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Trade balance -11.6 -13.2 -12.8 -25.3 -24 -16.7
Exports of goods (f.o.b.) 26.7 22.2 25.3 14.6 14.2 18.5
Imports of goods (f.o.b.) 38.3 35.4 38.1 39.9 38.2 35.2
Services -4.1 -4.7 -5.5 -6.7 -5.9 -6.8
Factor income -8.5 -2.6 -0.9 -0.2 -1 -1.2
Current transfers 7.8 7.9 7.1 6.6 5.4 4.7
Current account balance -16.4 -12.6 -12.1 -25.6 -25.5 -20
Source: Economic Outlook, Figures for 2010 are estimates; for 2011 and later are projections.

3. DEVELOPMENT AND POVERTY REDUCTION

On 14 September 2011, for the first time in 20 years, an overseas shipment of 35 000 tonnes of coal was made from the Beira seaport by the corporation VALE, placing Mozambique on the global coal market. The thermal coal came from the company’s 1.7 billion US dollars (USD) Moatize open cast mining project in the Tete Province, considered by investors to be one of the world’s largest untapped mine fields.
The reserves, made of approximately 30 percent thermal and 70 percent higher value metallurgical coal, are geographically well positioned to to the shipped through Nacala Port serve the emerging countries Indian, Brazilian, Chinese and beyond.
With the expansion of production in Tete, overall coal output in 2011 reached nearly 1 million tonnes, contributing to GDP real growth increase of 7.2 percent. Large investments in natural resources are quickly changing Mozambique’s economy, increase service demand and could potentially alter the country’s prospects in the medium taking advantage of opportunities and reduce the risks.
The coal sector continues to expand and attract large investments. VALE has already announced its intention to expand Moatize’s capacity from the 11 million tonnes per year it expects to reach by the end of 2014, to 26 million tonnes per year with an investment of USD 6 billion, which will include expansion of railway.
In spite of economic growth generated by mega-projects, and added competitiveness provided by infrastructure development, the impact on poverty reduction has been minimal.
The PARP focuses particularly on increasing agricultural production. The sector, which represented 30.9 percent of GDP in 2011, is expected to grow by 9.9 percent in 2012. However, cashew nut production, Mozambique’s traditional cash crop, is forecasted to flatten at 112 800 tonnes, up from 105 000 tonnes in 2010.
Table V.A – GDP by sector
Description 2006 2010
Agriculture, forestry, fishing & hunting 27.9 30.9
Agriculture, livestock, forestry and fisheries – –
Of which agriculture – –
Mining and quarrying 1.4 1.5
Of which oil – –
Manufacturing 16 13.2
Electricity, gas and water 5.8 4.7
Electricity, water and sewerage – –
Construction 3.2 3.1
Wholesale and retail trade, hotels and restaurants 15.5 17.9
Of which hotels and restaurants 1.5 1.6
Transport, storage and communication 10 10.1
Transport and storage, information and communication – –
Finance, real estate and business services 8.9 7
Financial intermediation, real estate services, business and other service activities – –
General government services – –
Public administration & defence; social security, education, health & social work – –
Public administration, education, health 4 4
Public administration, education, health & other social & personal services – –
Other community, social & personal service activities – –
Other services 7.3 7.6
Gross domestic product at basic prices / factor cost 100 100
Wholesale and retail trade, hotels and restaurants – –

Source: Economic Outlook estimated figures

The strong economic expansion has promoted investment in the country’s weak infrastructures, developed around the three main logistic corridors (Maputo, Beira and Nacala) that serve coal exports, and link the hinterland countries.
Notwithstanding the strong economic dynamics, the most relevant economic development of 2011 was the discovery of extensive off-shore natural gas reserves. Nearly 424 trillion cubic metres of natural gas reserves, were discovery approximately 40km offshore Rovuma delta in north of Cabo Delgado Province If proven correct, the cumulative natural gas reserves will rank Mozambique 4th in the world for natural gas reserves, behind the three giants, Russia, Iran and Qatar. The scale of reserves justifies the construction of a Large Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) plant in Mozambique. The potential windfall revenues could reshape Mozambique’s economic and human development in the medium term, if the benefits are balanced through Mozambican people and investors.

4. Human Development, Social Protection and Labour
The budgetary allocation to priority sectors increased in 2012 by 6.8 to 66.7 percent of the budget. Social safety nets were strengthened with the broadening of the direct cash transfer mechanisms to the most vulnerable groups coupled with the maintenance of subsidies to urban public transportation and productive public works programmes, in a bid to minimise the negative effects of the rising cost of food and fuel prices on the poor.
There have been significant advances in relation to key indicators of human and social development, with a substantial decrease in the areas of child and maternal mortality and an increase in net enrolment rates.
According to the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) Human Development Report 2011, Mozambique ranks in the top 25 highest performers in the world, measured in absolute term increases, with an average increment of 2.49 percent since 2000.
Despite the loss of one place in the ranking the country is well placed in regard to indicators for life expectancy and expected years of schooling. The current low ranking of 184th out of 187 countries is mostly due to a long-lasting low average of indicators, by nature are slower to upgrade.
In Mozambique 80 percent of the workforce has not completed upper primary school and only 13 percent completed secondary school. The skills profile poses serious challenges to the country in terms of improving productivity and employability of the labour force.
The Government is pursuing an ambitious reform agenda to align the technical and vocational training system to the needs of the market, and to promote the financial sustainability of the professional education system to cope with the challenges of expansion of both quantity and quality of the training provided. This includes increasing private sector involvement in vocational training and monitoring the dynamics of a fast-growing labor force and a fast-changing economy.
An unconditional cash transfer system targeting vulnerable groups (elderly, disabled and chronically sick) reaching out about 150 000 people is underway. In general, the existing schemes have limited coverage, offer fragmented assistance and are not well resourced. In order to implement the National Strategy for Basic Social Security the Government approved the set of Programs for Basic Social Protection in 2012.

The 2012 budget is addressing the social challenges and support the PARP 2011‑14 and introduced a 7 percent increase in expenditure, re-allocating resources from capital to current expenditures designed to create new social protection schemes.

It is estimated that 300 000 youths join the labour force every year. To address the pressing challenges of vulnerability and urban unemployment, the creation and rolling-out of safety nets are currently being pursued by the Strategic Plan for the Reduction of Urban Poverty (PERPU) aimed at the inclusion of youth and unemployed people in urban areas in the labour market, by empowering them with adequate skills.
There is a need to develop a coordinated work between MIC-DRI, Ministry of Labour and the emigration authority to include the Mode 4 commitments in request preparation of Mozambique. The instrument can protect the former mozambican workers from Mozal that informal are working in Qatar aluminium smelter and sappers working in post conflicts countries.
5. Gender
Mozambique has produced a set of well-designed and well-articulated gender policies over the last decade based on the nation’s commitment to gender, including a National Gender Policy since 2006. At this stage in the country’s development, the dilemma is how to translate gender policy into action. For example, although the issue of women’s and girls’ rights to education is widely accepted, at community level much needs to be done to translate these rights into changed structures and practices. HIV/AIDS poses a greater challenge as the prevalence rates show that women, especially young women, are most affected.
Nevertheless, primary school enrolment of girls has expanded more is needed to be done in order to narrow gender gaps and to increase enrolment of girls in upper primary, secondary levels and in the technical and vocational sector. In higher education, the proportion of women students has remained constant in recent years with a Gender Parity Index (GPI) of 0.49. The country continues to progress by increasing the representation of women in politics and decision-making structures, including decentralized levels. Strategic actions are also needed to reduce the gender role disparities in rural areas and in formal business.

Mozambican researches also took a “big picture” approach, investigating the conflict between commercial agriculture and small-scale substance farming (Andrade et al. 2009). For instance, the community of Maragra near Manhiça village were the sugar cane is produced, focused on approximately 50 women, most employed through seasonal contracts in the cane plantations of the Maragra Sugar Company.

These women, who face disadvantages stemming from their gender, class, and place of origin, have worked to change their circumstance, by creating a cooperative that includes both individual farms and collective farms. With this as their base, they are attempting to claim rights, as well as access to tractors to mechanise their familiar production and other services needed for sugar monoculture and its agro industry.

6. Trade and Services negotiations in SADC
The country absorbs one of the highest Aid/GDP ratios in Africa, averaging USD 89.2 per capita, although FDI is now the main driver for economic development and regional integration. Mozambique is responsible for 70 percent of SADC goods transit, with logistic corridors linking the deep water coastal ports servicing four neighbouring landlocked countries, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Swaziland.
Transport and Communications led FDI projects in 2011 with USD 511.8 million. The emerging countries have assumed an increasing role, as China became the second largest investor since 2010 and is expected to invest over USD 13 billion in the next ten years, mainly in infrastructure (ports, roads, energy). Furthermore, is expected an investment of USD 4 billion over the next four years, focusing on agriculture, mineral resources, infrastructure and health.
Coal exports, which started in 2011, are expected to overtake aluminium as the main export. The prospect for a LNG plant to be ready in 2018 could make natural gas Mozambique’s main export product.
Mozambique still imports a considerable volume of machinery, vehicles, fuel and consumer durables, mainly from South Africa (35 percent), Asia (26 percent) and Europe (24 percent). The country’s exports are mostly directed to Europe (54 percent).
The volume of intraregional trade remains low at 19 percent of GDP, awaiting the consolidation of SADC free trade tariffs, which were initiated in 2008. Bilateral agreements were signed with Malawi and Zimbabwe to enforce the rules of origin based on a product’s value. The country enjoys preferential access to European markets under the interim EPAs signed in 2009.

6.1 Service Negotiations

The SADC through its 17th Trade in Service Forum of Negotiation of SADC (TNF-Services) has agreed that the member states must submit the first initial request of at least 2 sectors of the priority areas (finance, transport, communications and tourism) in 2012. Nevertheless, the 18th TNF realized that only 4 member states had submitted the initial request.

The GOM through MIC-DRI in conjunction of other sectors has scheduled the elaboration of the first list of services liberalisation to be submitted to the SADC secretariat and circulated to the member states.
However, the preliminary contacts made to the sectors to speed up the process it were clear that the lack of capacity to prepare the request and offers was big challenge.
In order to overcome this situation MIC-DRI has requested the SADC Secretariat to organise a workshop were the sectors are being requested to participate to reinforce the process. The meeting is planned to take place in June of the current followed by the TNF-service meeting that will take place in South Africa or Victoria Falls.
During the preparation of the process the following objectives were identified: the need to raise awareness to better understand the issues related to the SADC Trade in Services Protocol and its the guide of the negotiations; to the need of an effective participation in the negotiation process, to the need to provide a clear capacity/understanding of the Offer and Request process specifically to identify areas to be targeted in order to provide technical assistance and institutional capacity

Table VI.A – Mozambique has received the following request

COUNTRY REQUEST

LESOTHO POSTAL;
TELECOMMUNICATIONS;
AUDIO-VISUAL;
AIR TRANSPORT;
ROAD TRANSPORT;
TRANSPORTS RELATED;
MAURITIUS TELECOMMUNICATIONS;
INSURANCE;
BANKING;
TRAVEL AGENCY AND TOURIST OPERATORS;
MARITIME.
SOUTH AFRICA POSTAL;
TELECOMMUNICATIONS;
ZAMBIA INSURANCE;
BANKING;
HOSTELRY AND RESTORATION;
TRAVEL AGENCY AND TOURIST OPERATORS;

The following sectors were prioritised, construction, energy, finance, Tourism, Transport and Communication.

Finance and insurance – Mozambique has decided to liberalize at multilateral level but the sector is the most liberalised at national level. In the context of request process Mozambique is planning to offer insurance to the SADC member states but the request will follow the position of private sector

Communications – the Postal sub sector is lacking of legal instrument to better regulate it abut the bill was submitted to the Parliament. It has being recommended that it is not the right moment to present a request even if Mozambique had received a request from Lesotho.

Telecommunications – the sub sector is already liberalized one, in spite of the certain limitations, requests to the SADC member states will follow after the consultation with private sector in investing in the region.

Transports – the approaches of transport sub sector are not clear as the consultations are still undergoing.

Tourism – is being recommended to present the request to all SADC member states.

The national process of Trade in service request and offer is following the consultation of private sector and other stakeholder according to the following plan in the table bellow.

Table VII.A – Schedule of Service Negotiations

Activities
Deadline
Objective
Responsibility
To meet with Transports and Communications, Finance and Tourism and private sector April 2013 Evaluate the preparation of request and the participation of private sector in identifying the sector and their interest in liberalization. MIC;

Other sector to organize the technicians.
To contact the SADC secretariat April 2013 To ask for the support in order to organise the workshop to consult the private sector in final offer and request. To ask to the hiring of trade in services to work permanently with the sectors.
MIC to coordinate;

To meet the private sector and other stakeholders

May 2013 To inform on SADC Service negotiations;

To explain the details of Services Protocol;

To increase the understanding of services;

To identify the interest sector. MIC to coordinate;

Support to the sectors;

CTA to organise the members.
To contact the SADC Secretariat May 2013 To submit the request to the SADC secretariat. MIC to coordinate;

Meet the TNF- Service
June 2013 Participate in the meeting;

To defend the country position. MIC to coordinate;

Sector to represent the country.

B. SERVICES
Private sector investment in coal mega-projects was over USD 1.9 billion in 2011 and as result the FDI increased. A round 30 000 new jobs were created by the 285 new projects, of which 13 were in the Nacala Exclusive Economic Zone, representing a USD 400 million investment from export companies.
A strong investment in the cement sector can triple production by 2013. Four Chinese companies (Africa Great Wall Cement Manufacturer, China International Fund, GS Cimento, and Bill Wood) and the South African Pretoria Portland Cement are entering the market with an overall investment of USD 450 million.
The policy framework aiming to develop the industry remain weak, contrary to the development of the mega-projects as the government did everything to provide them with the required environment to execute their projects namely the successive decrees of investment laws.

There are number of initiatives to provide technical assistance, enterprise development service and fund industry initiatives in Mozambique, but their impact and the scope are limited this is the result of complicated business environment faced by the industry in Mozambique that in downstream reduced the demand of services. At the same time, it was a result of non-coordinated and fragmented interventions, the lack of a clear industry development policy in Mozambique and the lack of resources channelled to develop such instrument.

7. Banking and insurance
The principal function of mozambican financial system should be to mobilize savings and allocate funds efficiently to productive sector including all development stakeholders. The finance environment is unique in that the transactions as it involve an exchange between a payment today and a pledge to repay later. The financial system relies heavily on information about the reliability and solvency of promising repayments, most important, rule of law were strong legal and judicial foundations are needed to ensure contract enforcement and property rights, and establish the rules and regulations governing financial system.
The mozambican financial environment is dominated by the commercial banks, while intermediaries they have a fundamental obligation to protect the funds obtained from depositors. Therefore, to manage risks carefully and avoid undue exposure to possible losses, while seeking an attractive return to shareholders, a sounding banking system is vital to build a financial system and to support the economy broadly. In addition to prudent management and strong corporate governance, a sound banking system also require an effective supervision and judicious regulations as a second line of defence against instability.
The central bank has been calling the commercial banks establish bands in rural areas and in other hand they have been exercise a degree of are sounding and innovative. While is imperative to perform, but the developing new financial services and serving non-traditional clients is crucial.
To facilitate innovations, the GOM and its partners are instrumental as catalysts for change. The motivation for intervention stems from market imperfections, which has obliged the financial institutions to under invest in innovate number of services.
The banking system is expanding but still lacks on competition since 85 percent of the total financial sector’s assets are concentrated in the three largest banks, which are closely linked to the Portuguese banks. The sector may become vulnerable to shocks in the medium term due to the deterioration of the crisis in Portugal.
The share of Non-Performing Loans (NPL) remains stable at 2 percent, and the Central Bank started the transition to risk based standards. The supervision ability has improved with the completion of the banking crisis resolution framework, but still remains some work to be done on the modules of the rules for closing/liquidation, manage bidding processes for private sector take-overs, temporary public ownership and emergency liquidity assistance.
The financial system has been the fastest growing sector and overall financial intermediation has deepened. There are still high borrowing costs but the interest rate spread between loan and deposit rates is falling (from 15 in 2006 to 12 percent in 2010). Private sector credit to GDP remains moderately high at 29.8 percent in 2010. Capital markets are very small, and the stock market mostly trades government debt. Microfinance institutions have expanded rapidly in recent years, increasing the outreach of the banking sector. The financial system remains both small and limited and levels of financial exclusion are very high, with the poor having little access to credit.
In 2011, the Central Bank of Mozambique continued to tighten monetary policy, implemented throughout 2010 to absorb excess liquidity and control core inflation to within a single digit. The lending rate to commercial banks was progressively increased from 14.5 up to 16.5 percent and their minimum reserve requirements increased from 8.5 to 9 percent of total deposits. As a result, monetary supply grew by 20 percent in 2011, down from 22.8 percent in 2010. The favourable external environment of lower food and fuel prices supported the tight monetary policy.
The appreciation of the metical against the South African rand also contributed to curb inflation. Yearly inflation has continually decreased since December 2010, reaching 5.5 percent and the 12-month average, which peaked at 15.37 percent in April of same year, was 10.8 percent at the end of the year. Both results are below initial targets and the future prospects will further decrease in inflationary pressures due to monetary contraction policy and stabilisation of the national currency, Metical.
However, the domestic credit market was negatively impacted. Growth of domestic credit to the economy decreased from 27.5 percent in 2010 to 19.5 percent in 2011, with one year market borrowing interest rates peaking in July 2011 at 23 percent. The present monetary policy challenge is the trade-off between credit growth to private sector, fundamental to the much needed expansion of job-generating private sector growth, and the control of inflationary pressures. With inflation secured around 5 to 6 percent, and relying on the continuation of an effective budget execution, it will be possible to accommodate a mild level of monetary easing in 2012 allowing for a modest credit expansion.
Most Mozambican banks lack information on appropriate techniques for serving new markets profitably, while small and medium-sized businesses often do not understand the requirements of the lender and lack the capacity to provide necessary accounting data and business plans. Carefully planned innovative interventions can help craft financial system, test new markets, services and help local businesses and producers to become more “bankable” through better management and financial controls.
The Banking financed the tourism, transport and communication in 12 percent which is the same figures compared to 2011 that is an indication of the fact that the financial and transport sectors needed to increase and reinforce the already raised fact that the growing of the transport is related with the extraction industry. General the credit was had increased in 18.7 percent against 6.4 percent of the year 2011.

Table VIII.B – Credit to the sectors

Sectors 2011 2012
Agriculture 4,2 4,7
Industry 7,9 7,7
Construction 7,4 9,0
Tourism 2,1 2,1
Commerce 21,1 17,3
Transports & communications 9,9 9,9
Individuals 25,0 27,4
Habitation 2,3 2,2
Others 19,9 19,8

While the distribution of the credit shows that the commerce is top priority of banking system the same can be said with the individuals adding that the banks provide credit to very short period of time and also considering the credit provided to the public official and the credit cards.
7.1 Insurance
The insurance of slavery ships during the triangular trade can be considered the first non-direct contact with the people from a territory that later was transformed in a nation called Mozambique, this worth to mention as Barclays is operating in Mozambique and at the time was one of the insurance company that was involved with slave-ships.
Nevertheless, the formal insurance business in Mozambique started in the beginning of the 20th century, after Mozambique attained independence in 1975, the Empresa Moçambicana de Seguros (EMOSE) then an new state-owned insurer was formed following the nationalisation of insurance then operating in the market.
Unfortunately for the new nation, the independence was immediately followed by a protracted, brutal and highly destructive civil war. In the early 1990s, as part of the strategy to end the civil war, the government of Mozambique initiated a process of political and economic reforms. The economic restructuring and market liberalisation was initiated, for the insurance sector, lead to the termination of the state monopoly, creation of space for the re-emergence of private sector insurance companies and the urban of insurance brokerage services. Following the termination of the monopoly of EMOSE, the duties of supervision of the insurance sector was shifted to the Ministry of Finance.
In 1999, the Mozambican government passed a piece of legislation paving the way for the formation of the insurance regulatory body – Inspecção Geral de Seguros (IGS). In the most recent reform of the insurance regulatory framework, the mandate of the regulatory body was broadened. The autonomous entity was renamed Instituto de Supervisão de Seguros de Moçambique (ISSM).
Following the termination of the state monopoly, the insurance sector has become more refined. Mozambique is still very lightly penetrated by the insurance. Over the past years though, growth has taken place and there are more than eight insurance companies in the country. The service accounts less than 1 percent of GDP.
Currently, there are considerable opportunities for further developing both general and life insurance in the Mozambique, products that can usefully be developed include, but are not limited to, health insurance, micro-insurance, agricultural insurance and other products that can alleviate poverty and promote SMEs.
The catastrophe insurance is one area of great interest as floods, droughts and other types of adverse climatic conditions, which have profound impacts in Mozambique, and significant developments are underway in creating the conditions to insure against these events. But reinsurance is insurance purchased by insurers (called reinsures) from other insurers to limit the total loss the latter would experience in case of a disaster.
However, insurance service in Mozambique still faces major challenges, with some specifically affecting the reinsurance. The country reinsurance and insurance are heavily correlated to global trends, have high frequency of claim recurrence due the aging infrastructure relying largely on imports and thus on hard currency for replacement, lack adequately skilled labour and face ineffective and ill-enforced legal frameworks.
Insurance firms in Mozambique provide a wide range of services, including life, property, health, and casualty insurance policies. The largest insurance companies in Mozambique include Emose, Global Alliance (GA), Hollard Moçambique Companhia de Seguros, Moçambique Companhia de Seguros (MCS) and Millennium Seguradora Internacional de Moçambique. Efforts are being undertaken to strengthen the insurance sector’s regulatory, supervisory framework and the institutional capacity of the IGS. With a 37 percent share of the insurance market, Millennium (SIM) is one of the largest companies till year 2008.

The growing number of insurance in Mozambique shows how is linked to the current economic growth and stability. At other hand it will require an effective supervision from the authorities and an update of the current regulatory framework to accommodate not only the big insurance companies linked to the international corporations in Mozambique but as well as to provide new opportunities for the national insurance companies. The framework will demand more responsibility on risk assessment and sounding management of the insurance companies in order to increase competitiveness and guarantee their sustainability.

Insurance and Reinsurance companies in Mozambique
Name of the company Name of the company
1 Alexander Forbes Moçambique Ltd 18 MAC Insurance Brokers
2 Amados Brokers 19 Millennium Seguradora Internacional de Moçambique, SARL
3 AON Mozambique 20 Momentum Mozambique
4 Beam Insurance Brokers 21 Mozambique Insurance Brokers Ltd
5 CIS Commercial Insurance Services Ltd 22 Mozre Mozambique Reinsurance
6 CTS Brokerage Technical Insurance Ltd 23 National Brokers Ltd

7 Empresa Mocambicana de Seguros, EE 24 Optimus Ltd

8 Empresa Moçambicana de Seguros, SA (EMOSE) 25 Poliseguros Insurance Brokers Ltd

9 Estar Seguros Insurance Brokers Ltd 26 Proxen Ltd

10 Fides Brokers of Insurance 27 Royal Insurance Company of Mozambique

11 Getcor Brokers and Managers of Insurance Ltd 28 Snea Services and Brokers Ltd

12 Glenrand MIB 29 Tranquility Brokers & Consultants to Insurance Ltd

13 Global Alliance Seguros 30 Prosperity Insurances

14 Hollard Moçambique Companhia de Seguros SARL 31 Unique – International Insurance of Mozambique

15 IMPAR – Companhia de Seguros de Mocambique SARL 32 YES – International Insurance Mozambique

16 Insurance Company in Southern Africa 33 Momentum Mozambique

17 KPMG

To reinforce the service taking into account the increasing number of stakeholders in insurance as well as at level of mediation is fundamental the to improve of the Mozambican Association of Insurance at institutional and programmatic level which is essential the credibility of national insurance companies.

The appetency and demand of this service is hand to hand with the growing investments in development programmes, projects in particularly sub sectors of extractive industry namely the coal and gas which increased the responsibility of national insurance companies.

In Mozambique the level of insurance penetration in national economy is continuing growing, and now represent 1,44 percent of the GDP. The GOM expects that with the mega-projects and the increasing number of SMEs that follow, will allow in short and media notice a sustainable economic growing which at same time will provide better social conditions to the people creating increasing insurance culture. Consequently, the need to provide the safeguarding of production of goods and service will influence the insurance and consequently increasing the level of penetration.

At other hand, taking into account the Mozambique country appetency to the disaster and calamities the GOM when updating the regulatory framework should present a body of knowledge on the state of disaster risks and insurance through encouragement of open dialogue between stakeholders on better strategies that can best be developed to increase financial resilience against natural disasters.

The insurance stakeholders and investors should take into account of the impacts of natural disasters such as cyclones, earthquakes and floods but also slow onset events such as drought. Mozambique is highly exposed to a wide range of adverse natural events, with hydro-meteorological hazards impacting the largest number of people. The Disaster Risk Financing and Insurance (DRFI) is an instrument that has been highlighted by the African union, regional economic communities and individual countries as an area for regional financial cooperation.

Additionally, having into account that the natural disasters are unforeseen events driven by natural phenomena that cause serious disruption of the functioning of community or even to a society causing widespread human, material, economic and/or environmental losses which overwhelm the capacity of the affected community or society.

The insurance stakeholder and the international community with an interest in this agenda must be aware that this kind of insurance refers to instruments and mechanisms at the macro and micro market levels that provide financial resources to assist with response and recovery efforts in the aftermath of a disaster.

8. Energy
Mozambique has abundant and yet largely unexplored natural resources. While the Cahora Bassa dam (HCB), with 2075 MW of capacity, is one of the largest hydropower installations in Africa, Mozambique could build another 5000 MW of hydropower. The country has large sedimentary basins of natural gas on- shore reserves (in Pande and Temane) have been discovered and off-shore areas in the Rovuma basin is now researched and could contain more than 100 trillion cubic feet of gas.

Paradoxically, despite Mozambique’s production of electricity, and in spite of considerable achievements by EDM (600 thousand new clients in 5 years) only some 15 to 20 percent of households have access to electricity. Like most of their African peers, Mozambicans are heavily reliant on non-commercial energy, or traditional forms of energy (biomass such as wood and charcoal). In its national strategy to combat poverty, the Government of Mozambique has identified the energy sector as one of the main areas for investment, notably foreign direct investment.
The country is on the brink of its industrial revolution1, and it cannot develop without strengthening its energy sector. The challenges are enormous, and the choices to be made in the next few years will shape the Mozambique of tomorrow.

Representing around 5 percent of GDP, the energy sector is expected to continue its expansion of nearly 10 percent a year. In November 2011 the government officially launched the CESUL (“Centre-South”) project, a USD 1.8 billion Regional Transmission line project, often referred to as the country’s “electric back-bone”. This project will enable the large northern hydropower stations to connect directly to the Southern African Power Pool, while another line will cross the rural countryside to Maputo, providing electric power to the rural population. The CESUL, supported by the ongoing expansion of the Cahora Bassa-North hydro dam and construction of the Mpanda Nkuwa hydro dam project on the Zambezi, will enable hydroelectric projects and ensure the delivery of electricity for consumers locally and potentially abroad.
In April 2012, an agreement of transferring ownership of Portugal’s 15 percent share in Hidroelectrica de Cahora Bassa (HCB) was signed by the Mozambican authorities and Portuguese, HCB, the company operating the Cahora Bassa dam, over two stages – 7.5 percent of the shares will be sold to Mozambique this year for USD 42 million, and the remaining over the next two. By 2014, Mozambique will have full ownership of the company.
With the exception of natural gas exploration as such, electricity is a key issue for all existing and future large energy projects in Mozambique. The industrial and mining projects all depend critically on the availability of cheap electricity in large quantities while the other projects are engaged in the production of electricity.
At the same time, access to modern energy services is still very low in Mozambique, with for many years to come about 70-80 percent of the population relying entirely on traditional biomass to meet their energy needs.

The energy sector in Mozambique is growing rapidly and the country’s energy and mineral resources can contribute to reduce absolute poverty and promote growth including the development of domestic energy infrastructure within and across regions.
9. Tourism
The World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) estimate that in 2011 travel and tourism contributed in total 7.0 percent of Mozambique’s GDP. In 2011 it was forecast to rise by 5.9 percent per annum over the coming decade. The WTTC ranks Mozambique 117th out of 181 countries (WTTC Economic Impact 2012) in terms of the relative contribution of tourism to the economy. The sector supports 6.1 percent of total employment, which was expected to fall in the short term but then raise, meaning that by 2022 the sector will provide 6.2 percent of total employment and 631,000 people will be employed directly and indirectly in tourism. In 2011 visitor exports generated 9.1 percent of total exports, which was expected to fall and rise in line with the general industry trend. In 2010 Mozambique received over 1.7 million tourists.

The Ministry of Tourism in Mozambique was created in 2001. Since then, the importance of tourism to Mozambique’s development has been stressed. A comprehensive document to assess the development of tourism in the country was created, Strategic Plan for Tourism Development covering the period between 2004 and 2013. Until 2011, the plan was not been formally revised and updated, but has been implemented. The brand Mozambique was launched in 2009 with the intention of promoting the tourist potential of the country both domestically and abroad, while Satellite Account is currently being prepared, which will allow for a full evaluation of tourism’s contribution to the country’s GDP.

Despite the negative effect, which the global economic crisis had on some sectors, tourism in Mozambique continued to see positive development. The figures of Mozambique Tourism Ministry show that tourism revenues saw continued growth over the later years of the review period. Furthermore, the government launched the “To Serve Well” campaign aiming to ensure all businesses in the country to adopt ways provide service to the customers maximising opportunities. At a cost of US$225,000 the campaign was used to carry out training sessions and advertising. By 2020, the Mozambican authorities expect 4 million tourists per annum to visit the country.
Through implementation of Arco Notre tourism project (NMTP) funded by the USAID was implemented in Northern Provinces of Mozambique it is recognised that growth in tourism could best be achieved by planning.

The NMTP promote the political exercise and discipline following the investments promotion, resort development and management strategy. Enforces the land use, zoning and conservation plans believing that Mozambique can achieve a goal to transform tourism into $2 billion industry. And goes further by adding the destinations assessment work, master-planning activities, and implementation concepts.

The NMTP has created basis for a unified, strengthened, equipped with a clear, cohesive, strategy, investment and market-positioning toolkit that will enable the tourism service into a major, hard currency earner and engine for economic growth reduction in Northern Mozambique.

The tourism sector is a current under dynamic transformation, which required legislation reform and a capacity to regulate and supervise the tourism operators. It goes further to the public awareness to encourage historic preservations and nature conservation. The tourism process includes a framework to protect major tidal vital coastal ecosystems – as well as wetlands, dune, system and coral reefs – and providing ecosystem service. Land use plans for proposed resort zones can provide maxim benefits to local communities and sustainability.

The identification of opportunities for business development arising from proposed tourism developments can provide a basis for diversifying the rural economy, creating jobs and raising incomes.

Mozambique is one of Africa’s up-and-coming hot spots, with stunning “virgin” beaches, excellent diving and magical offshore islands.

Around the Bazaruto and Quirimbas Archipelagos, sail on a dhow through mangrove channels or laze under the palms, take an off-beat safari in the wilds of Gorongosa National Park, wander along cobbled streets past stately colonial-era buildings on world heritage site of Ilha de Moçambique, sip a café espresso at one of Maputo’s lively sidewalk cafés (or beer like Laurentina, Manica and 2Ms at one of its restaurants, jazz bars), watch the silversmiths at work on Ibo Island or dance to the country’s trademark marrabenta music.

The Government is keenly interested in developing the tourism sector as one of the economic growth engines. The development of adequate facilities along coastal beaches and marine reserves is seen as key to the success of tourism strategy. In addition, development of wildlife tourism in the Niassa Game Reserve, the Maputo Elephant Reserve, and the border area with Kruger National Park is viewed as potentially viable, subject to adequate arrangements being made and implemented for the involvement of local communities.

The following priority tourism investment opportunities have been identified in the SADC Tourism Investment Promotion Report, on Leisure in beaches, lodges and infrastructure (roads, water, electricity and tourism related servicing) and environment Conservation Areas (parks and reserves)

10. Transport and communications
The Mozambican transport and communication sector is a large and complex one, as the transport cover maritime, airways, roadways including ports (sea and dry), airports and road ports, the communications cover meteorology, postal and telecommunications. Each one of the sub areas have its owns body (as Institutor Nacional da Aviação Civil – INAC, Instituto Nacional de Viação – INATER, Instituto Nacional das Comunicações de Moçambique – INCM, Instituto Nacional de Metereologia – INAM). The sector is under Ministry of Transport and Communications (MTC).

Mozambique has 2,700Km of coast, the third largest coastal extension in Africa representing a potential to develop the industry of transport and communication at national, regional and international levels.

Transport and communications is the second largest contributing sector to GDP.
The Beira Railway Company consortium, led by the Indian group, RITES (Rail India Technical and Economic Services) and Ircon International, failed to achieve the complete overhaul of the Sena rail line’s 670 km to a capacity of 3 million tonnes per year within the contractual terms, prompting the take-over of the line by the GOM.
The Sena Railway line was supposed to have its capacity doubled to 6 million tonnes per year by 2013, although this will still be insufficient to meet demand. Additional rail lines from Tete are now under construction, such as Vale’s sponsored proposal to build a 500 km connection, through Malawi, from Moatize to the northern line that serves the Nacala port, where the implementation of a new USD 1.5 billion coal terminal is planned.
The construction of Sena’s parallel rail line, linked to the Quelimane seaport, which is being rehabilitated, has also been approved. In parallel, Beira’s seaport coal terminal upgrade from 1.8 million to 6 million tonnes per year was supposed to be finished during 2012, with possible further expansion to 20 million in 2014.
The construction of a network of main corridors is currently underway, with the Milange-Mocuba and the Nampula-Cuamba road projects, respectively costing USD 100 million and USD 250 million, now beginning.
In 2012 the transports and communications registered a grow of 14.2 percent in railways and roads sub sectors including its attached services.

Table IX.B – Transport and communication growth rate

Designation rate
BL 2011 PL 2012 BL 2012
Railway 24,9 81,2 94,5
Roads 10,6 11,4 8,9
Pipelines 136,6 7,1 28,2
Maritime -15.5 28,7 3,5
Air 9,6 8,1 6,0
Transport service 30,5 31,1 25,8
Communication 18,4 15,4 14,9
Total 14,8 16,9 14,2

The railway coal transport specifically had increased 94.5 percent due the coal transportation, as well as the transportation of commodities from hinterland countries had influenced the growth in 126.9 percent. While the passengers transportation registered 11 percent.

The road transportation grow was 8.9 percent as a results of the introduction of 150 buses and the semi collective transportation growth was 9.7 percent and its expansion followed by the service demand in peri urban areas. In other hand, the air transportation increases in 6 percent.

10.1 Port logistics

Mozambique’s geographical setting makes it an ideal transit route for the international trade of neighbouring landlocked countries of Zimbabwe, Swaziland and Malawi as also the northeastern Transvaal region of Republic of South Africa. The rail distances to Mozambican ports being considerably shorter than those to alternative ports results in a major comparative advantage in transit transport costs.

The Mozambican port logistics has been attribute the Logistics performance Index (LPI ) of 1.92 which below the medium (1 -very low and 5 very high) placing at 149 of 162 total countries.

Freight, Shipping & Logistics organisations in Mozambique

1 Allex Logístics 18 Institute for the Promotion of Export
2 AMI 19 JJ Transportes
3 Anchor Logistics Ltd 20 King & Sons Ltd
4 Association of Road Freight Transport Companies of Maputo (ASTROCAMA) 21 Kuehne & Nagel Mozambique Ltd
5 Beira Cargo Handling Ltd 22 Limperse Ltd
6 Bobby Transportes 23 Machava Transport Mozambique Beira
7 Correios de Mozambique EP 24 Manica Freight Services Mozambique
8 Danmo 25 Mediterranean Shipping Co.
9 Debala Shipping Ltd 26 Ministry of Transport & Communications
10 Diamond Shipping Servicesa
27 Moz Star Ltd
11 F&M Transport Co. 28 Mozambique Transport Brokers
12 FH Bertling Logistics Ltd 29 Naval Services to Shipping Ltd
13 Freight Services Moç Ltd 30 ndico Logístics
14 Gac Mozambique Maritime Services Ltd 31 Nuro Momede Transport Co.
15 HCL Transportes 32 Rohlig-Grindrod Limitada
16 Ideal Transport Ltd
33 Rogers International Distribution Services
17 Ingar International Packers & Forwarders

Mozambique has three important transport corridors each consisting of integrated railways and port facilities serving primarily regional transit traffic. The expansion of Maputo’s seaport capacity from 100 million to 700 million tonnes per year is underway, as well as rehabilitation of Nacala’s seaport container terminals. At Nacala’s airport, a USD 120 million project 66 percent financed by a loan from Brazil, is expected to be finished in 2013. Also the USD 300 million Vilanculos airport project was concluded in 2011. Additional airport hubs are programmed for Pemba and Tete totalling a USD 420 million investment.

The Mozambican rail and port Authority, manages and operates the transport system. The Maputo Corridor system operated by CFM-Sul comprises the main Port of Maputo and the subsidiary Port of Matola and three rail connections linking the port with the South Africa, Swaziland and Zimbabwe.

The Beira Corridor is has two rail connections linking the port with the Zimbabwe and Malawi and a pipeline to Zimbabwe.

The Nacala Corridor system operated by CFM-Norte comprises the Port of Nacala and the rail link to Malawi.

Private intervention in managing port and rail assets is undertaken through lease. Thus, since October 1998, Cornelder de Moçambique SARL, has been responsible for managing the general cargo and container Terminal in Beira Port. The Port of Maputo, is managed by MPDC (Maputo Port Development Company), since April 2003, the concession allows MPDC to take legal and operational control of Maputo Port. The Northern system (the Nacala Port and northern railways) is under management of SDCN (Nacala Development Corridor).

Maputo Port
The Maputo Port is managed by Maputo MPDC, since Abril of 2003, is a concession of a period of 25 years and recently was added 15 year to allow additional investments under the port strategic development. The Maputo Port has the following terminals:
General Dock Shipment – managed by Maputo Produce Terminal.

Coasting Shipment Terminal – management by TCM (Terminal de Cabotagem de Maputo).

Container Terminal – managed by DP World Maputo,

Sugar Terminal – managed by STAM (Sociedade Terminais de Açucar de Moçambique).

Fuel Terminal – managed by CFM.

Molasses Terminal – management of Maputo Liquid Storage Company Lda (MLSC).

Vehicle Terminal – managed by Grindroad Terminals

Matola Coal Terminal – managed TCM (Terminal de Carvão da Matola)

Terminal Graneleiro da Matola – a modern terminal operated by STEMA (Silos e Terminal Graneleiro da Matola)

Port of Beira

The Port of Beira comprised by 12 docks and the access is done by Macuti channel.
The containers Terminal and multi proposes operated by Cornelder B.V. and has a general Dock Shipment, Fuel Terminal and Cold Store Terminal.

Coal Beira Terminal

The CBT underwent temporary refurbishment work between 2010/11, is expected to be fully operational in 2015.
The works included emergency dredging costing US$43 million that made it possible for the port to received ships with Deadweight Tonnage (DWT) of 60,000, as compared to receiving ships with a capacity of up to 30,000 DWT previously.
The reconstruction of the Sena railroad will make it possible to, increase the annual volume of cargo processed at the port of Beira, up to 20 million tons per year, mainly by exporting coal from Moatize.
Mining companies VALE Moçambique and Riversdale Mining, later acquired by the Rio Tinto group, in 2010 signed a memorandum of understanding with CFM, in order to temporarily repair the terminal at the Beira Port to export the Moatize coal.
The two companies were given coal processing and export capacities of 5 million tons per year, and Vale Moçambique took up most of the terminal’s capacity – 68 percent – and Riversdale Mining the remaining 32 percent.

Quelimane Port

Managed by Cornelder de Quelimane in a joint venture with CFM

Nacala Port

Shipment Terminal and Containers Terminal
CDN´s concession

Terminal para Granéis Líquidos
Managed by CFM.

Porto de Pemba
Located in Pemba Bay with excellent natural shelter conditions.
Nacala Coal Terminal

The construction of NCT has started, with the aim of having it operational in two to three years. The will have a total capacity of 25 million tons of coal per year.
The VALE was planning to spend $4.4 billion in 2012 to build the terminal and a 912km railway line connecting its coalmine with the port. The railway and port will initially be able to move 18 million tons of coal a year to meet Vale’s rising demand for export capacity.
Despite important progress in the modernization of Mozambique’s port systems, there is still a time lag between an increase in demand and the development of infrastructure projects to meet that demand.

The port of Beira is insufficient to manage the 20–25 million tones of coal that can be produced in Tete, but after completion and upgrading of logistics infrastructure the ports will be interconnected.

One The Nacala Port overcomes its infrastructure challenges the country will be able to attract more cargo transit from its neighbors and connect the emerging countries.

The implications for transport infrastructure are direct. And one of the main economic drivers for the development of the Moatize–Nacala railway is the potential for coal export from the Tete area.

The railway will pass through Malawi, as other routes, such as staying within the Mozambican border to circumvent Malawi, do not make any sense. This creates the challenge of defining and relying on regional agreements and building regional infrastructure in coordination with Malawi.

On average, the combination of multimodal transport infrastructure and recently improved logistics is increasingly positioning Mozambique as one of the countries with the lowest costs of trading across borders.

The cost of export and import in Mozambique are about 60 percent of the average costs in Sub-Saharan Africa, and the time required to export and import is around 70 percent of the Sub-Saharan average.

Table X.B – Trading across borders in Southern African Countries

country Documents to export (number) Time to export (days) Cost to export ($ per container) Documents to import (number) Time to import (days) Cost to import ($ per container)
Angola 11 65 2,250 8 59 3,240
Botswana 6 30 2,810 9 41 3,264
Lesotho 6 44 1,549 8 49 1,515
Madagascar 4 21 1,279 9 26 1,660
Malawi 11 41 1,713 10 51 2,570
Mauritus 5 14 737 6 14 689
Mozambique 7 23 1,100 10 30 1,475
Namíbia 11 29 1,686 9 24 1,813
Swaziland 9 21 2,184 11 33 2,249
Zambia 6 53 2,664 9 64 3,335
Zimbabwe 7 53 3,280 9 73 5,101
Sub-Saharan Africa 8 34 1,942 9 39 2,365

Source: Doing Business 2009

Mozambique transports and logistics must be competitive as literature offers substantial evidence that its improvement can greatly increase export performance within the country and across the region. In other hand the improvement of the transport infrastructure may help to reduce transport costs, while dynamic regulatory framework adaptation in shipping and liberalizing port services may also lead to a reduction in transport costs and lead to the better country positioning in Doing Business and LPI.

Spatial Development Planning,

The PARP 2011-2014 closing the infrastructure gap within this context the transports through the roads has a role to play in facilitating production, trade, logistics, reducing of regional development imbalance, and supporting economic growth.

Considering that, Mozambique lies at a regional crossroad within Southern African Development Community (SADC), providing access to several landlocked countries in the region, including Zimbabwe, Zambia and Malawi. Hence, some of the major regional corridors pass through the country. To maximise the economic utilisation of this position, and to support regional integration within the SADC region, the Government has placed the development of regional corridors as one of its key priorities.

The GOM, through its MTC, has prioritized the application of SDI tool, the use of the spatial development initiatives (SDI) methodology, as a means to promote integrated economic and infrastructure development in the country along number of priority development corridors. A GOM SDI Unity has been established and coordinates the implementation of a number of SDIs in Mozambique.

Beyond the 3 main development corridors, Maputo, Beira and Nacala the SDP has identified sub corridors such as Libombo Corridor with potential to be linked with the planned Techobanine Port in south of Maputo; Limpopo Corridor; Massagena Corridor; Dondo Corridor; Sena Corridor; Mutuali Corridor; Lichinga Corridor, Cuamba Corridor and Mueda Corridor.

The GOM SDP is guided by an Inter-Ministerial Committee of National Ministers and Provincial Governors, convened by the Deputy Minister of Planning and chaired by the Minister of Transport and Communications. The Minister of MTC has also established an expert advisory panel made up of senior national and international experts.

Taking into account the multi-donor work being undertaken by the GOM SDP Unit, a Donor Coordination Committee was established to monitor the process, coordinate different funded inputs and activities and act as a forum for exchange between the stakeholders, to avoid duplication, to ensure alignment and harmonization of the SDP programme activities.

Various development partners are active in Mozambique in area of infrastructure, including the African Development Bank (AfDB), the World Bank (WB), the Islamic Development Bank (IsDB), the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC), the UK’s Department for International Development (DfID), and the European Commission (EC). This is in addition to JICA, Korea’s EXIM Bank (KEXIM), the United Nations, and USAID. Several countries also provide various types of assistance through bilateral assistance agencies, such as Sweden, Portugal and others. In the transport sector AfDB, WB, JICA, EC, MCC, KEXIM and IsDB are the most active partners.

For instance The AfDB has been leading the working group for the roads sector, the Transport Sector Working Group, which is currently led by the World Bank. As chair of the roads sector working group, the AfDB has a strong presence in the sector, which enables it to engage thoroughly in sector-wide planning and prioritization.

Table XI.B – Donor Coordination

Sector or subsector size
GDP (10711) Exports Labour Force (11)
Transport sector -10.10% N/A 6.20%
Players -Public Annual Expenditure (average) 2011 in Roads Subsector
Government Donors WB 20%
USD USD AfDB 15%
0.32 billions 1.28 billion JICA 10%
20% 80% EU 8%
IsDB 2%
others 45%
Level of Donor Coordination
Existence of Thematic Working Groups yes
Existence of SWAps or Integrated Sector Approaches yes

The coordination activities at all levels are crucial for the success of infrastructure gap filling and the SDP as within the GOM sectors, through development partners working groups and private sector. It goes further as special planning influence distribution of people, production of goods and services in spaces at different levels. And the Mozambican SDP requires the land use, urban, regional, transport and environment planning, including the economic and community planning.

Nevertheless, the GOM thought the SDP strategy define that the logistics system must guarantee the movement of products and people with accurate level of productivity, quick enough with lower cost. The strategies goes further, on logistics and transport demand stating that movement of goods concentrated in the corridors with integrated production, inter and multi modal transport calling for the participation of national private sector, which can be seen as a preferential position contrary to the liberalization positioning of the donor community.

10.2 Telecommunications
The Mozambican telecommunications market is one of the less developed markets in sub-Saharan Africa, although a concerted effort has been underway for the past years to correct this situation.

Development of the ground line network came to a standstill during the protracted civil war and the network suffered heavy damage. In 2011 there was 88,100 ground lines, with 7,855 millions mobile phones.

There is only one fixed line company (Telecomunicações de Moçambique) and three mobile operators (Mcel, Vodacom and Movitel) active in the market. The first and the second networks service primarily larger urban areas with minimal rural coverage, while the third one targeted first peri urban and rural areas.

Telecommunications operators in Mozambique are also bound to contribute one percent of their revenue to the universal access fund. The regulator uses this fund to open new bids for more competition in the market for vendors and other industry players. One segment in which competition is particularly necessary is infrastructure deployment, as only one organisation, the para-statal TDM, is involved in rollout countrywide. This is the main reason why services, particularly data services, are still very expensive.

The television and radio comprise the broadcast media. The television by one state-run TV station with 2 channels (TVM), supplemented by 3 private TV stations (STV, TIM, GunguTV); Portuguese state TV African service, RTP Africa, and Brazilian-owned TV Miramar are available.
The radio is comprised by one state-run radio provides nearly 100 percent territorial coverage and broadcasts in multiple languages; a number of privately-owned and community-operated stations; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are also available.
The communication increase in 14.9 percent as a result diversification particular the mobile network. The planned expansion in PES2012 of telecommunication service to the administrative post did not take place due the delays of the delivering of equipment as reported by BdPES2013.
The liberalization of telecommunications had provided the expansion of telecommunications backbone, the establishment of 2 submarine cable, the growing of mobile service and the reduction prices paid by the consumers.

The mobile telecommunications

Mozambique is one of the clear cases where telecommunications leapfrogging has found a fertile ground, leading to achievements in the ICT. Introduction of competition in the mobile segment in 2003 has also brought benefits. Population covered by a Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) signal.
A new mobile operator, Movitel, started operations in 2012 and joined the existing Vodacom and Mcel. Movitel is a USD 400 million joint venture between Viettel, a telecommunications company owned by the Vietnamese Defence Ministry, and SPI (Gestão e Investimentos) the holding company of Mozambique’s ruling Frelimo Party.
Analysis from Frost & Sullivan reveals that Mozambique currently has around 4.5 million mobile subscribers. By 2015, this could reach 30.7 million at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 30 per cent.

Frost & Sullivan’s analysis report that the mobile communications market in Mozambique was worth $300m in 2008 and will multiply six-fold by 2015 to reach $1.8bn. These high revenues will be partly due to the high cost of services, especially data.
The development of the mobile market has been part of the Mozambican government’s institutional reforms that include the inception of a sector policy, the establishment of a regulatory body (the National Communications Institute of Mozambique, or INCM), the creation of a universal service fund, and the progressive liberalization of the telecommunications market, including the ending of exclusivity for the incumbent of TDM.

Despite improvements in the mobile market, in 2008 Mozambique’s penetration was the third-lowest in southern Africa, nevertheless in 2012 the penetration index was 48 percent. The recent launched of a third mobile operator MOVITEL (three companies were short listed in July 2010 following a tender) is helping to extend coverage, lower prices, and increase penetration. Remaining coverage gaps could be met through the universal service fund. The introduction of telecommunication basic services is still a challenge due the quality of service and the high cost

Table XII.B Mobile phone penetration

Country 2005 2006 2007 2008 Average annual growth
Angola 10 18 28 38 58
Botswana 31 44 61 77 36
Lesotho 13 18 22 28 32
Madagascar 3 6 12 25 106
Malawi 3 4 7 12 58
Mauritus 53 62 74 81 16
Mozambique 7 11 14 20 40
Namíbia 22 30 38 49 30
South Africa 72 84 88 92 9
Swaziland 18 22 33 46 37
Zambia 8 14 21 28 52
Zimbabwe 5 7 10 13 37
Simple average 21 27 35 43 41

Source: Frost & Sullivan

In the case of mobile telephony, much of the population—up to 87 percent—could be reached on a commercially viable basis, taking into account that MOVITEL had prioritized to target the rural areas and to provide Internet.
The telecommunication 2004 strategy is being revised with participation of service providers, private sector, academia and civil society. For meetings were organized in the Maputo, Beira and Nampula cities in order to collect information on technology advance, convergence of technology and service, licensing and need to be in line with the good practices in the world.

11. Mode 4
Mode 4 is the last supply mode of WTO (GATS) trade in service. GATS constitutes the most comprehensive of all WTO agreements aiming at progressive liberalization for trade in services through four modes, Mode I cross border supply, Mode II consumption abroad Mode III commercial presence and Mode IV movement of natural persons.

The objectives and principles of SADC trade in services negotiations are based on progressive liberalization stated on SADC Trade in Service Protocol that aim to promote interdependence and integration of its member states economies. The protocol promotes regional service market, complemented by cooperation mechanisms, in order to create new opportunities for a dynamic business sector, also aims to reinforce the regional capacity provide the efficient services and expand the regional export service, in line with national policies.

Nevertheless the services must respect the rights and member states obligations in GATS WTO, including the obligations under the specific sector commitments of Mode 1, 2, 3 and 4.
The SADC negotiations requirement must follow the request/offer approach, down to the line of the negotiations each member states must submit at least one offer and some improvement in each one of prioritised sectors.

The negotiations are conducted by the TNF-Service which in turn must submit the regularly reports to the high officials meetings and to the Commerce Ministers Committee.

Under the description of Mode 4 commitment, the member states must make reference to the physical people included in GATS, including, a) workers temporarily transferred by the enterprise; b) business visitors; c) contracted services providers; and d) free lance professionals.

The member states must make efforts to include commitments related to the people categories not linked to any commercial presence or any lower level competency. In addition, the member states must consider other relevant classification international recognised, including the International Classification of the Economics Activities of ILO , linked to the Mode 4 Commitments.

The assessment undertaken by the SADC secretariat on the initial offer and request in SADC trade in services negotiations as defined under the 17th TNF services till August 2012 states that only 4 states, Lesotho, Mauritius, South Africa and Zambia had presented request. The Request targeted almost all member states with some exceptions.

In general, the member states request are aiming to cover a broad sub sectors covering commitments Mode 1, 2, 3 and the few requests aiming specific to the Mode 4 referred in the horizontal commitments in telecommunications, audiovisual, courier, telecommunications, transport (air, road and its support)

In some cases the member states request aim to confirm the commitments that the member states have under the GATS, for instance in case of banking commitments of Malawi and Mozambique and probable due the incompatibility with the applied at national and bilateral commitments.

12. Conclusions
The Mozambican economy increase and stability, the envisage large investments in natural resources will shape Mozambique and increase service demand can potentially alter the country’s prospects in the medium if liberalisation opportunities are taken and reduce the risks are reduced.
The present report is renewing the 2007 findings of what was considered opportunities, the improving country bargaining position in negotiations, the promotion investment, the access of technology and the increase compositeness among the national service providers. As it is already reported the sectors not only face trade in service negotiations lack of capacity but they lack on basic understanding of the matter. The GOM must act quickly with capacity building programme to fill the gap otherwise the Mozambique GATS commitments are in risk.

The increase investments in Mozambique is clear opportunity for the local service providers as it can stimulate de demand of services supply of local providers, but most often the corporations negotiate the investment package with CPI which its main objectives is to attract investment not to offer preferential treatment. Nevertheless, in the case of equal treatment as in case of liberalization the local service provider are risking to face competition and in order to survive they must address the skills deficit in human resources investment in technical and vocational training.

Traditionally women are active in the agricultural, informal sector, and other low-paid occupations while men are moving to pursue higher earnings in other sectors including service. Improving participation of women in service can would boost economic growth and reduce poverty. Additionally the participation of women in service will have positive implications for equity, social cohesion, welfare and down the line it is also to reduce economic inefficiencies as women are very active in cross border trading within region and international the telecommunication liberalization followed by data and information projects providing platform for trade exchanges through cell phones are clear opportunities to be explored.

The increase of transport service present a risk on increasing the number of HIV&AIDs infections among the corridors as the prevalence is much higher in the central provinces of Sofala, Manica, Tete and Zambezia, with Sofala having the highest rate of 26.5% (2002). The central region hosts the transport corridors from neighbouring countries to the ports of Nacala and Beira.
Opportunities Risks
Banking SADC Trade negotiations bargain reinforced; Disaster risks financing, expanding the scope, ITC, increase debts (international and public) International shocks, Portuguese crises, South Africa Rand, Chinese financial policy, Dutch Disease,
Energy Economic growth, reduced demand of vegetal coal, expectation, royalties, tax revenue Environment, competition, Deforestation, expectations,
Port Logistics Environment, private sector, tax revenue Competition (South Africa and Tanzania)
Insurance Disaster risks, Mode4, tax revenue Global trends, increase of investments
Transport Job creation, Mode4, poverty reduction, tax revenue Deforestation, expectations, HIV&AIDs, labour standards
Tourism Job creation, Mode4, diversification, carbon quotas, tax revenue Land conflicts, expectations, environment, oversee
Telecommunications Information and data, e-taxation, diversification, ITC Sovereignty reduced, oversee

The conservation areas and coastal districts are particularly environment risks because their fragility. But the tourism’s linkages to transport, agriculture, food and beverage, retail, financial services, and construction sectors offer compelling job creation and economic growth opportunities.

Many of the major coastal cities of Mozambique are still to provide green have infrastructure placing them against extreme events, the planning, building and maintenance will require professional service to be provided by the local and regional level and to include the Mode IV Mozambican commitment is essential.

13. References
AfDB Appraisal. (2012). Nacala Road Corridor Phase III. (http://www.afdb .org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Project-and-Operations/Mozambique %20-%20Nacala%20Road%20Corridor%20Project%20–%20Phase%20III%20-%20Appraisal%20Report.pdf)

Amarcy S & Massingue N. (2011). Desafios da Expansão de Serviços Financeiros em Moçambique. IESE. Maputo.

Bila A, Chambal H & V. Tamele. (2007). Opportunities and Risks to Liberalise Service. ITSC. Geneve.

MIC-DRI. (2013). Relatório do Seminário Comércio de Serviços SADC Protocolo das Trocas Comerciais

Mozambique. (2012). (www.africaneconomicoutlook.org)
MTC (2009). Estratégia para o Desenvolvimento Integrado do Sistema de Transportes. Moçambique.

Nadaudc A at al (2007). Energy Outlook for Mozambique 2012-2030 LEAP-based scenarios for energy demand and power generation. IESE. Maputo

SADC. (2012). Avaliação do Progresso Feito no Processo de Solictação e Oferta Avaliação Preliminar de Pedidos Iniciais.

SADC. Projecto de Directrizes sobre a Calendarização e Negociação Primeira Ronda de Negociações da SADC sobre o Comércio de Serviços

Sam Jones Hanifa Ibrahimo (2007) The Economic Contribution of Tourism in Mozambique -Present and Future-. Paper 18. IESE

Torres CD & Garmendia CB (2011). Mozambique’s Infrastructure: A Continental Perspective. World Bank. Washington.

UNCTAD. (2012). Investiment Policy Review. Geneve

UN-DESASD, UNWTO, CECE, OECD. (2008). Tourism Satellite Account: Recommended Methodological Framework. Luxembourg, Madrid, New York, Paris.

Venter SH. (http://www.telecoms.com/16000/opportunities-and-challenges/) Frost & Sullivan

World Bank (2012). Disaster Risk Financing and Insurance in Sub- Saharan Africa. http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources /750610WP0P12390 andInsuranceNov20120.pdf
WTTC. (2012). Travel & Tourism economic impact 2012 Mozambique.

WTO. (2008). Mozambique Trade Policy. http://www.scribd.com/doc/51476105/WTO-Trade-Policy-Review-Mozambique-2009

14. Institutions and people contacted
Antonio Jopela – Ministério dos Transportes e Comunicações
Agonias Macia – DRI, Ministério da Industria e Comércio
Cosntâncio Trigo – Departamento Juridico, INCM
Edmundo Manhiça – Comunicações, ICM
Elias Sitoe – Instituto de Inspeção de Seguros
Dinça Massinga – Departamento Jurídico, Ministério do Turismo
Julio Amade – Departamento Jurídico, Ministério do Turismo
Sofia Rosario – Maktech Telecommunications
João Jorge – Assessor, INCM
Jorge Matule – ICB, International Commercial Bank
Manuel Gune – DRI, Ministério da Industria e Comércio
Maria Albertina Gomes – DRI, Ministério da Industria e Comércio
Maria Madalena Nhantumbo – KICAN Correctores de Seguros
Nelson Albano – Instituto de Inspeção de Seguros
Stephen Grammiling – GIZ

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

COSTA DO SOL ARTISANAL FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT PROJECT  

Economic Justice Cohalition

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Christian Delord field researcher

Coordenated by Viriato Tamele

December 2007

 

INDEX

 

 

2 Fisheries sector                                                                                                       4

2.0. Fisheries sector in Mozambique

2.0.1.Artisanal Fisheries sector

 

2.1.Social benefits of the Mozambique and EU agreements to the fish folks.

 

2.2.project proposal

2.2.1. Product and Community: Maputo fish folks, Maputo fish vendors

         2.2.1.1.Fisheries and fish market in Maputo province                                            

             a) Fish production

             b) The Maputo city fish market                                                          5

             c) Fisheries product export

 

   2.2.1.2.Costa do Sol fish community                                                           6

            a) The fishers                                                                                      7

                  b) The fish vendors

   2.2.1.3 the product                                                                                       8

2.2.2. Market chain analysis

2.2.2.1.information gathering methodology.

            2.2.2.2.Fishing activity

a)     Magumba resource                                                                   9

b)    Magumba fishing technique and catches

c)     Labour costs crew payment system and salaries                    10

d)    Fish quality                                                                             12

            2.2.2.3Fish Selling activity                                                                 13

 

2.2.3. Rationale:                                                                                              16

2.2.3.1.The natural resource and the quality of the product

a) Overexploitation risks

b) Seasonality of the catches

                  c) Lost of fish because of high temperatures

                2.2.3.2.The social community                                                                17

                 a) Sailor:

                 b) Owner

                c) Woman vendor                                                                                    18     

                d) Consumer

              2.2.3.3 SWOT Analysis

2.2.4. Activities and Plans:

              2.2.4.1 Activities per social status

a)         Fish vendors in Maputo city;                                                                  19

b)       Costa do Sol  fishfolks

                    2.2.4.2 Activities per component                                                              20

                     a) Fish quality promotion

                    b) Revolving Credit and Saving

                    c) First sale market

                    d) Assistance to fish. Association and CCP

                  2.2.4.3 Project insertion in the community

                  2.2.4.4 Project management and coordination                                                 21

                  2.2.4.5.Institutionnal coordination

2.2.5 role of the government institutions.

2.2.6.recomendation and actions for decisions makers

2.2.7.Budget/Resources

Annexes                                                                                                                   23

 

 

2 Fisheries sector

 

2.0. Fisheries sector in Mozambique

Mozambique fisheries sector with 130 000 tonnes annual production accounts for 3 % of the Gross National Product.

The classification of fisheries through different type of operators  is

  • Industrial fisheries
  • Semi Industrial fisheries
  • Artisanal fisheries (91 % of landings).

 

2.0.1.Artisanal Fisheries sector

 

Artisanal fisheries represent an important source of food and cash income for the coastal communities, and employ a significant number of people. 70 to 100 000 fishermen are estimated to be directly involved in fishing.

Artisanal Fisheries sector in Mozambique depend on IDPPE Small Scale Fisheries Development Institute for their development

Every Mozambican coastal province is benefiting from 3 specific projects focused on economical and social development Maputo province excluded.

 

2.1.Social benefits of the Mozambique and EU agreements to the fish folks.

 

2.2.Project proposal

 

2.2.1. Product and Community: Maputo fish folks, Maputo fish vendors

 

   2.2.1.1.Fisheries and fish market in Maputo province

 

a Fish production

In 2003 the population of Maputo consisted in 2 152 000 people of which the majority lived in the 4 coastal districts (Matutuine, Maputo city, Marracuene and Manhiça from south to north). In Maputo province there were 532 fishing boats counted in 2002 with an estimated 2,218 fishers divided in 34 fishing centers according to IDPPE 2002 census.

A total of 5 458 persons were involved in fisheries activities. There were working as sailors, fishermen without vessels, the vessels used for artisan fisheries are flatboats, rounboats, and boats made of fibreglass. Approximately 13% are motorized (3 % in the whole country) mostly with outboards motors. The other vessels work with rows or sails.

In 2002 in Maputo province, there were a total of 560 fishing gears divided as followed.

 

Table1 Fishing gears in Maputo province source Maputo census 2002

Fishing gears

Gillnets

Beach seines

Hand lines

Others

Total

Number

206

200

115

39

560

 

The Hand lines are used to catch demersal first quality fish. As they can stay up to three days without coming back they need ice that they can buy in the Maputo fisheries harbour (ice chips) or in the fishing centre.

 

bThe fish market in Maputo city

 

First quality fish

The quality fish consumed in Maputo province comes from artisanal and semi industrial domestic production

 

Marketplaces

The first quality fish (as so as prawns, lobsters and squids) is sold in a specific “VIP” fish market called Maritimo located near the Maputo beach. This market that has existed for 27 years has its official association with 33 members. We can also find first quality fish in the Central market

 

Street sales

There are street sales on the Marginal Avenue late afternoon and at night along the Maputo Beach before the Maritimo coming from the city center. The vendors are from both sexes. Sometime the fishermen are selling their own catches after coming back from fishing activity. The problem of this kind of sale is that we need to have a scale to weight the fish and if it is not good, we do not know how to go back to the vendor. Women in the Maputo downtown street near the fishing harbour sell a part of the semi industrial line fish catches that is not exported.

 

Door to door sales

There is also a door-to-door sale activity for first quality fish and frozen industrial fish.

Some vendors come from Catembe on the other side of the Maputo Bay or Marracuene located km north Maputo. 

 

Supermarkets

First quality fisheries product can be find fresh or frozen in half a dozen Maputo centre Supermarkets.

 

Second category fish

The second category fish is imported from abroad (Namibia, Angola, Korea…). It is frozen pelagic fish (marquee type) whose selling price varies from 25 to 60 Mtn per kg (1 to 2.3 USD) following the size. It comes packed in 20 to 30 kg boxes. An important distributor is “peixe da mama” that has an important sale point network equipped with chest freezer or small freezing unit in 15 of Maputo marketplaces (see annex 1).

There around 50 market places in Maputo city scattered in the 5 city districts. They are shared in 4 categories as you can see below.

 

                                          Table 2 Maputo city Marketplaces

Grade

A

B

C

Informal

Total

Number

5

7

27

21

49

 

Only half of the market places has fresh fishmongers officially recognized see above and annexe 1.

Third category fish

The third quality fish consisted mainly of Magumba a kind of flat sardine caught in Maputo bay by artisanal fishermen.

It is the cheapest fresh fish available for poor people. It is sold in (or around) popular Maputo market places: Chipamanine, Xquelene, Compone, Bela Rosa, Hulene, Mavalane, Benfica, Patrice Lumumba, T3 are the ones referred by fish brokers and door to door in a lot of Maputo “Barrios”. The transport is made in 25 kg crates usually with or without ice.

In the markets, (or around them) the fish is displayed on shelves or in a plastic box without any freezing device except ice.

There is also a door-to-door sale activity in a lot of Maputo popular quarters for Magumba. The fish consumption of Magumba and maquerel Maputo is estimated in 10 Kg per year per person. The Magumba is reserved for adult consumption because it has strong fish bones.

  

c)export

Around 17 000 tonnes of Mozambican fisheries and aquaculture product have been exported in 2006, half of it to European union. The main bulk is made up of shrimp and prawns 64 % and kapenta dried fish 30%. The fish represents less than 2% roughly 300 Tonnes.

A part of artisanal line fish from Catembe situated in front of Maputo is sold to export company located in the fishing harbour.

 

Fish Export quality control

Mozambique has been recently endowed with a brand new health authority Fisheries National Inspection Institute INIP whose duty is to control the quality of exported fish following EU Cahier des charges. The artisan boats that provide fish to fresh fish exporting company should be contemplated by licensing from next year. But EU sanitary compliance should be very difficult to achieve .A recent audit made by EU experts asks for each boat to have its own WC and recommend fibreglass boat against wood.

 

 2.2.1.2.Costa do Sol fisheries community

 

Bairro dos Pescadores (Fishermen quarter) also called Costa do Sol is a community situated in Maputo district number 4 at some 8 km from the centre of Maputo. The access is made through a tarred road following Maputo beach followed by an untarred part of 3 km and 200 m sand before reaching the community fishing centre. Regular taxi minibus called “chapa 100” or bus make linkage with other Maputo quarters. In 2003 there was 400 families living in the quarter but because of the Magumba fishing activity it has been increasing.

The fish community is composed of fishers (mainly male) and fish vendors (mainly women).

 

aThe fishers

The Bairro do Pescadores fishermen Community is committed two three main types of fishing activity:

  • Gillnets used to catch little pelagic i.e. cheap fishes (sardine, Tainha, Mantoce, Ocar and Magumba)
  • Lines used to catch bigger demersal 1-st class fishes (Cachucha, Marrero and Robalo, grouper…)
  • Beach seine used to catch different kind of fishes and prawns.

 

Local fishermen use around 150 boats. 100 boats are fishing with gillnets, 25 with lines, 20 with beach seines.

 

The fish folks are divided into: Ship owners, sailors, masters and menders.

The sailors are the poorest members of fish folk’s community. The one working for gillnet fishing are usually day workers. They do not stay long time with the same owner. When the boat is being repaired they offer their services to another owner. They are paid through percentage of catches

 

Table 3 Magumba fish folks number estimated distribution by boats and function

 

 

Owner per boat

Owners

Sailors per boat

Total

Sailors

Menders

per boat

Total menders

Total

Motorized boats

1

20

7

140

3

60

220

Sail boats

1

80

7

560

2

160

 800

Total

 

100

 

700

 

220

1020

 

The Magumba fish folks are estimated in 1000 persons directly involved in this activity 100 owners, 700 sailors and 200 menders.

 

b the fish vendors

The fish vendors are mainly women. They can be divided following the type of fish they use to sell.

 

The demersal fish and prawn vendors.

Those vendors need a higher capital because they are selling a produce up 5-to10 times more expensive. A lot of them are selling in Maritimo market.

 

The gillnet fish women vendors

Women dedicated to commerce of fishes caught by gillnet (Magumba and Tainha) are locally called “Magueva”. We estimate that they are around 200 in Costa do Sol. The majority are relatively poor because the net income is not very high. The necessary capital to buy the fish is not very high too.

 

2.2.1.3.The product

The product chosen for the case study is Magumba, Hilsa Kelee (Cuvier, 1829) known as African sardine that can be considered as the most important fishery for the artisanal fishers in Maputo Bay. It is fished by 37% of the fishermen (206 gillnets out of 560 units) (IDPPE national census 2002). It is the most abundant fish in the local markets and the landings are much higher as compared to the catch of other fish species. Because of its very low market price it is the most accessible source of protein for the low-income consumers. The Magumba annual landings have been estimated between 3 000 to 6800 T from 2000 to 2005.70% are estimated to be landed in Costa do Sol.

 

                                  Table 4 Seasonality of Magumba catches

 

August, sept

August to Nov

Dec to May

June July

Weather

bad

Good

Good

Regular

Catches

 

Bad

Good

Regular

 

 

2.2.2. Market chain analysis

2.2.2.1.information gathering methodology.

The following methods were used.

a) Meetings

b) Interview of individuals

c) Interview of groups (women, sailors, boat owners)

d) Collection of documents (see bibliography in annex)

Difficulties

It has to be referred the lack of information about commerce, and economic data about of fisheries activity and products. (Number of vendors, income, characteristics of freezing units).

About the fishermen number a census has been made in 2007 but the result are not published yet. IIP.Moreover every fisher has not participated in the census. The former available data are from 2002 census.

Not all the fishermen are paying their licence for Magumba fishery even if gillnets one is cheap (110 Mtn ,4.2 usd), reason why these sources of information are not totally reliable. 

 

2.2.2.2.Fishing activity

 

In 2007 124 fishing licences were emitted by Provincial Fisheries Services for Costa do Sol, 94 for Magumba fishing of these 13 with motorized boats. That represents 76 % of licences. The others are beach seine 18 and line fishing 6.

 

a) Magumba resource

Magumba is a pelagic fish with short cycle whose stock was considered two years ago as exploited at its maximum capacity by IIP .Its recommendations were to maintain the fishing effort at the same level controlling the number of licences and the dimension of the nets and the meshes.  Fishermen need to be raised awareness about it through the Fisherman Local Council that has the duty to implement a co management of natural resources

The second issue is the seasonality of the catches .The major amount of catches (80 %) is made during 6 months (dec to May).

 

Thirdly as the high yield season corresponds to the hot season there is problem of low prices and lost of fishes because fishermen do not use ice and because low prices do not allow increasing ice and freezing costs.

 

b) Magumba fishing technique and catches

Crew of 3 to 7 sailors operates Magumba fishing activity. It uses 5 to 7 m long sail or motorized boat (30 to 60 cv outboard engines). The fishing time is 8 h time from 3 am to 12 am till 3 pm depending of the amount of catches. In cold season (May to July) fishing time is at night.

The owner can accompany the boat when weather conditions are good .If not he will choose a master to lead the crew. The catches are better during wet season season (December to May). The gillnet fishers boat owners are around 100, 20 with motorized boat. 

The motorized boats are fishing everyday except when the weather is not good. The motorized boats use longer and stronger nets than the other.

The sailboats only fish 20 days a month. (They do not fish on neap tide).

 

Catches

Catches in the Maputo bay have been varying from 1000 in the nineties to 6800 tonnes in 2001. More than 80% (i.e. 1400 Tonnes) are caught by Costa del Sol fishermen. In 2007 catches from Costa del Sol for the 3 firsts trimesters amount to 1465 tonnes. We can estimate 2007 Costa del Sol Magumba catches in 1600 Tonnes. The catches in Costa del Sol amount to 80% of Maputo bay. The Costa del Sol fleet represents 70 % of Maputo bay. They have better yields because some of them use motors.

 

   Table 5 Costa do Sol 2007 monthly catches (source IIP) in tonnes

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr.

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sept

129

228

142

36

257

244

292

102

35

 

 

CPUE

The CPUE (catches per effort unit) i.e per net per day has been decreasing since 2001. In 2006 Catches in the Maputo bay amounted to 1680 Tonnes. In 2005 the average catches per net per day were 200 kg. In 2006 the daily catches has been between 30 kg in August and 800 kg in May. The average was 225 kg.

 

   6 Costa do Sol 2007 CPUE (source IIP) (kg per net per day)

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sept

188

244

80

227

292

221

413

219

287

  (Source IIP)

 

The daily catches of motorized boats are higher than the one of sailboats (up to 4 time higher).

 

Table 7 2006CPUE catches (kg per net per day) in Maputo Bay

Distritos

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

B. do Maputo

80

189

202

210

772

451

635

28

81

85

111

78

(Source IIP)

 

 Table 8 Catches of motorized boat fishing Magumba

Crate kg per day

mini

Kg

Maxi

Kg

Average

Kg

Average

Kg

Motorized boat

2

50

20

500

11

275

Sailboat

0

0

4

200

2

50

(source interview)

 

Table 9 estimated Costa do Sol Catches and gillnet fleet (Tonnes)

 

2001

2005

2006

2007

Fleet

 

176

109

100

Catches

5 450

2 492

1 512

1 600

Fishing days

 

8 652

5 203

11 545

Fishing days per boat

 

49,05

47,65

115,45

Catches/ boat/day

 

0,288

0,291

0,139

Catches/ boat

17

14,13

13,85

16,00

(source consultant)

 

c) Labour costs crew payment system and salaries

 

Gillnet Sailors´ payment system is roughly 2/3 for the owner of the boat and the gears 1/3 for the crew and the net menders.

On his share the boat’s owner must pay the oil and petrol (60 to 80 l per exit 1.15usd per l) the manager if it is the case, input (petrol and oil), gears and boat depreciation, financial cost, licence etc…

 

A study (see Annex 2) realized in 2006 estimated the owners net income in 1415 usd i.e.118 usd a month for a 7.25 tonnes annual catches 0.34 usd fisherman price.

 

Consultant calculation

The consultant calculation is based on respective annual catches of 10 and 16 tonnes for sail and motorboats.

 

Table 10 distribution of catches between owner and 7 crewmembers for a motorized boat

 (Sailor’s view). %

 

Catches crates

Owner

Owner

Crews and menders

Crews and menders

5 Sailors

2 Menders

Master

Manager

18

14

78

4

22

2

1

1

6

(Source interview)

 

Table 11 Estimated distribution of catches between owner and 7 crewmembers for a motorized boat (40 T annual catches, sailor’s point of view).

 

Catches crates

Owner

6 Sailors

Per Sailor

2 Menders

1 Master

1 Manager

 %

 

78,00

11,00

2,00

2,75

5,50

6,00

Crates

1600

1 248

176

32

44

88

75

KG

40 000

31 200

4 400

800

1 100

2 200

1 872

Usd

20 000

15 600

2 200

400

550

1 100

936

 

                                    Table 12 Estimated value of catches shares for a motorized boat

                                                      (40 tonnes annual catches). Usd 

 

Year

Month

Day

Owner

14 664

1 222,00

40,73

Master

1 100

91,67

3,06

Mender

550

45,83

1,53

Sailor

400

33,33

1,11

Manager

936

78,00

2,60

 

Table 13 Estimated distribution of catches between owner and 7 crew members for a sailboat boat (10 tonnes annual catches, owners view)

 

Catches crates

Owner

6 Sailors

Sailor

2 Menders

Master

Manager

 

 

66,67%

13,33%

2,22%

13,33%

6,67%

6,00%

Crates

400

333

67

11

67

33

30

KG

10 000

8 333

1 667

278

1 667

833

750

Usd

5 000

3 333

667

111

667

333

300

 

                                Table 14 estimated vvalue of catches shares

                                 (10 tonnes annual catches, owners view). Usd

 

Year

Month

Day

Owner

3 033

252,8

8,4

Master

333

27,8

0,9

Menders

333

27,8

0,9

Sailors

111

9,3

0,3

Manager

300

25,0

0,8

 

We can note that the sailboat sailor wages are very low less than 10 USD a month ten times less the salary of the owners.

 

d) Fish quality

The quality of the gillnet fish is not very good mainly during hot season because the gillnet fishermen do not use any ice on board. The fish can stay more than 12 hours without any cooling process. This can causes problems between fishermen, brokers and market vendors. When a part of the fish cannot be sold because it is spoilt each operator will try to load the former in the market chain with the responsibility.

The question has been discussed during a thematic PRA joining fishermen and vendors in December 2006 facilitated by IDDP technicians.

Proposed solutions (see annex 5) are installing a small ice machine and a freezing unit.

 

Ice machine

Ice is important for Magumba because the consumers like to eat it fresh.

A small ice machine already exists in the fishery centre with a 300 kg per day capacity. This is too small for the necessities. During the hottest months of the year January and February we can estimate the daily landings in 10 tonnes (400 crates). We can estimate that 75 % 300 crates could reach the markets the same day without ice. The rest 100 crates could be kept with ice 50 % i.e. until the next day the daily ice necessity is 100 *25/2=1250 kg of ice. This represents the daily production of 4 ice factories.

 

Freezing facilities

In terms of freezing unit 4 are at the moment working with a total capacity of 660 crates. The fishers are complaining that those equipments not very performing and have not a high deep freezing capacity The majority are old or renovated second hand equipment and not very performing (their freezing capacity is low). On the other side big rooms are not adapted when catches are low.

A freezing equipment has been recently offered to the Fishermen Association but with a very low freezing capacity. They have to decide how it will be managed. A constraint is the electricity shortages and fluctuation that often occur.  

 

Table 15 Costa do Sol freezing facilities characteristics

Name

Capacity in crate

Room nber

Financing

Type

Room

Volume

M3

Year

Installation

Investment USD

Complexo Manhiça

550

2

FFP

Credit

 

 

 

Jose Pangane

80

1

Equipment provider

Private credit

52

2007

5400

Sulpesca

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fishermen association

30

1

USAID

Grant

10

2007

 

Total

660

 

 

 

 

 

 

(Source interview)

 

The line fishermen from Triunfo fish centre near Maritimo fish market have been implementing the lessons learned during the 2006 training with IDPPE. They use second hand small chest freezers shells as cool box too keep the fish with ice.

 

Market quality control

As the majority of Maguevas sell their fish out of the markets there is no control by the local Health Ministry authorities called CHAEM.

 

2.2.2.3  . Fish Selling activity

Magueva vendors buy magumba by 25 to 30 kg crates or by lots of 5 fishes or 1.5 kg. They transport it on their head for little quantities in a basin or in plastic crate.

The price depends of the amount of landings. Hot season sees the prices falling down drastically (more than 50%) because catches are higher and the cost and capacity of conservation facilities.

Selling price

We can estimate that the selling price in the popular market varies from 0.5 to 1 usd per kg. It is cheaper than the frozen maquerel whose price varies from 1 to 2 usd.

 

Table 16a Magumba marketplace selling price Mtn

Unit

Unit nber

Price

Price/unit

Price/kg

Fish

4

5

1.25

16.25

 

6

10

1.66

21.6

(Source vendors interview)

 

Table 16b Magumba marketplace selling price usd

Unit

Unit nber

Price

Price/unit

Price/kg

Fish

4

0.19

0.05

0.62

 

6

0.38

0.064

0.83

                       (Source vendors interview)

 

Table 17a Magumba fisherman ´s prices and popular markets selling price MTn

 

 

Unit

Unit Number

Fisherman price mini Mtn

Fisherman price maxi Mtn

Fisherman price Mtn

Average

Price /unit  mini Mtn

Price /unit Mtn

Maxi

Price /unit Mtn

Average

Crate

Kg

25

150

 500

325

6

20

13

Lot

Fish

5

 

5

 

 

1

1

 

Table 17b Magumba fisherman ´s prices and popular markets selling price usd

 

 

Unit

Unit Number

Fisherman price mini Usd /unit

Fisherman price Usd

Maxi

Fisherman price Usd

Average

Price /kg mini Usd

Price /kg Usd

Maxi

Price /kg

Usd

Average

Crate

Kg

25

5.77

 19.23

12.5

0.23

0.77

0.5

Lot

Fish

5

0.19

 

 

 

0.5

 

0.5

 

 

Four different types of Magueva  can be distinguished.

  • The ones that buy a little quantity of fish (15 kg maximum) they carry on their head to sell it in the market or in the street. They usually live where they use to sell their fish in the popular suburbs.
  • The brokers who buy the fish on the beach for their clients (5 to 6 per broker) who sell in the Maputo district popular markets. The client should come to take his fish and pay the fish purchased the day before. The brokers usually live in the fishing centre.
  • The ones who accompany their fish to sell it themselves in the market places.
  • The managers (gerente) are the ones that have a second activity; they sell the fish of a specific boat. They are called “manager”. Some boat owners use their wife as manager. In that case the wife does not have a very significant salary. (100 MTn i.e. 4 usd per working day depending on the catches)

 

The net return on a crate varies depending on the Fisherman price and on the selling price. from 20 Mtn (0.75 USD) if there is a loss to 50 Mtn (2 usd) without loss for the broker 10 to 30% on purchase to 100 % for small quantities.

 

Salary calculation (see annex 6)

Salary calculation was made assuming each vendor sell a certain quantity per day 360 days a year. In fact there is days off because of the bad weather.

 

Table 18 Estimated fishers and vendors net incomes

 

 

Daily sales kg

Net Income /day

Net Income /month

Net Income /Year

Salary classification

Basin sale

13.3

1,72

52

622

5

Beach Brokers

50

3.65

110

1 315

4

Market sale

50

5,75

172

2 068

1

Manager

28

2,30

27,60

331

7

Manager beach broker

78

11,4

137

1 647

2

Sailboat owner

 

9,8

118

1 415

3

Master/mender

 

2,3

28

333

6

Sailor

 

0,8

9

111

8

 

Necessary working Capital

The capital necessary for selling Magumba is constituted by the fish container, plastic basin or 20 l paint tube (2 usd) and the cost of the fish  (5 Mtn i.e.0.2 usd) to buy a pile of 5 fishes 10 usd for 20 kg .The amount of capital is around 12 to 15 USD.

When there is a lot of catches fishermen accept to sell the fish on credit to brokers or marketplace vendors. The fishermen have to wait for the next day to be paid when the market vendors pay the broker who then will pay back the fisherman.

When the landings are scarce the fishermen want to be paid cash.

 

Fixed assets

Some of the Magueva has their own freezer to avoid losing their product when night comes without having sold it.

 

 

                                Table 19 Price of chest freezer and shell

 

Capacity

Crate nber

Price Mtn

Price usd

State

Freezer

2.5

7 500

288

New

Freezer

4

12 000

460

New

Freezer

7

22 000

846

New

Freezer shell

2.5

500

19

2 nd hand

 

Revolving Savings and Credit scheme

A group of 30 Maguva women with IDPPE facilitation have agreed to initiate a Rotative Savings and Credit scheme in April 2007. They already saved 150 Mt each (6 usd) saving a total amount of 4500 Mtn (175 usd). They need a third ID to be able to operate their bank account.

 

The market

The marketplaces

One part of the Magumba is sold in the Maputo area popular marketplaces. (See list in annex x) The saleswoman pays a daily fee per linear meter to sell inside the market following the market grade (3 Mtn grade C, 4.5 Mtn grade B (0.11 to 0.17 usd) and C). 10% of fees income is refunded to the market salesmen commission for market maintenance. The majority of Magueva sell their fish around the market or will rent occasionally a fish shelve in the market.

The services given by the market should be: water, electricity, daily washing. The majority of popular markets are class C.They are markets without masonry infrastructure that have appeared spontaneously after the independence. The city Council has launched a bidding to find private partnerships to manage the Maputo marketplaces. The same privatisation has been done for city gardens management.

 

Number of vendors involved in Magumba market retail selling activity

Each broker has around 6 clients. If we assume that there is one broker per 2 boat i.e. 50 brokers we find there are 50×6 = 300 vendors involved in Magumba retail market selling activity. Those vendors are paid 50 Mtn (2usd) per crate sold.

 

Number of customers involved in Magumba activity

The magumba landings in Maputo were estimated between in 3100 t in 2005 and 6800 in 2001.70 % are estimated to be landed in Costa del Sol this represents between 2 and 5000 tonnes. If we estimate the annual consumption per capita in 10 kg, we can estimate the consumers’ number between 200 and 500 000.This represents 20 % to 50 % of Maputo population (around 1Millions).

 

Number of persons affected by the project.

That represents 3000 persons (6 persons per household) directly and indirectly involved by the project.

The community that indirectly should benefit of better Magueva activity is 280 (5 persons per women) because women are traditionally responsible for children and elderly people care.

The sailors are young people (average age 26 year). We consider that only half of them have wives (and children) .We consider that half the boat owners’ wives are working in fish commerce.

The number 900 of men directly affected by the project is higher in the community.

 

                        Table 20 Number of people directly affected by the project

 

Males

Females

Local

Maputo

Boats owners

100

 

100

 

Sailors

700

 

700

 

Boats owners wives

 

  50

  50

 

Menders

100

 

100

 

Sailors wife

 

350

350

 

Washer

 

 

 

 

Brokers

 

  50

 50

 

Street vendors

 

150

 50

       100

Market vendors

 

300

 

       300

Consumers

 

 

 

200 000

Total

900

900

1400

200 400

 

2.2.3. Rationale:

 

2.2.3.1.The natural resource and the quality of the product

 

a) Overexploitation risks

The main problem of the resource is the risk of overexploitation. Fishermen need to be raised awareness about it through the CCP (Fisheries community Council) that has the duty to implement a co management of natural resources.

 

b) Seasonality of the catches

The second problem is the seasonality of the catches .The major amount of catches (80 %) is made during 6 months (dec to May).

It should be better to adapt the fishing effort to the availability of the resource. During the low yield period (July to December) the fishermen should find another activity (fishing or not)

 

c) Lost of fish because of high temperatures

As the high yield season correspond to the hot season there is problem of low prices and lost of fishes.

Use of ice

One of the solution to the lost of fish consist in improving ice use by financing a percentage of the ice costs during the 3 hottest months of the year (January to march) with a decreasing annual rate 50 first year, 30 second year, 15 % third year. As the local ice production capacity is too small, the project should find an alternative solution (home made production, transport ice from harbour factory, second ice factory). The use of ice requires use of cool boxes. The project should study the way to develop its use. The main question is if the market is prepared to pay for the cost a better fish. Fish losses post fishing are being monitored by IDPPE to know exactly the importance of the issue.

 

Deep freezing

The use of deep freezing is not adapted to a fresh product value chain. On the other hand the energy costs of deep freezing are very high. It could be developed for line quality fishes.

Curing

Another range of solutions is to develop other type of curing (drying or smoking). It is necessary to study the market.

 

2.2.3.1.The social community

 

The poorest members of the community related to fishing activities are the hired sailors men and the main part of Magumba fish vendors that sell little quantities of fish.

We can improve the well being of different stakeholders as following

 

a) Sailor:

– Improve their working conditions by

  • Negotiating a better salary for their work (better percentage of catches) from the boat owner (trade unions)
  • Improving the catches value increasing the quality of the fish.
  • Increase security (using life jacket, night navigation rules of law).
  • Financing funeral expenses (owner participation, community fund)

 

-Find alternative livelihood means, facilitating saving and credit groups for them or their wives.

 

b) Owner

-Improve their income by

  • Lowering the wasted fish using ice on board.
  • Getting a better price for their fish  (market)
  • Getting a discounted price for input (nets and petrol)
  • Improve security on beaches to avoid net thefts.

 

-Give counselling to fishermen association.

-Assist owners fishermen association to manage their storage facilities.

-Assist CCP community Fishing Councils to manage fisheries effort and respect of regulation.

– Prepare conditions for future open sea EU export oriented artisanal fleet .The future of artisanal fisheries rely on open sea selective gears development like line fishing with a boat adapted to EU sanitary requirements (fibre glass, with ice, WC etc…)

 

 c) Woman vendor:

-Improve their income on fish selling activity by

  • Increasing their working capital (Facilitating saving and credit groups in order to increase capital amount.)
  • Lower their loss (by helping to improve fish quality)
  • Improve their capacity to manage their business: Capacity building (literacy and management)
  • Improving quality of access road.

 

-Give them opportunity to develop alternative activities during bad season. (Facilitating saving and credit groups in order to increase capital amount.)

-Facilitate relation with the city council. (Payment of licences, marketplace-working conditions)

-Increase their education (literacy. HIV/AIDS)

-Improve their working conditions on the beach (security at night, shaded market place), during their movement and in the marketplace,

 

d) Consumer 

 

-Improve fish quality preventing possible illness and diarrhoea that are harmful for people affected by HIV /AID.

-Monitor fish selling price following consumer purchase power.

-Lower the price of the fish by diminishing intermediate number.

 

2.2.3.3 SWOT Analysis

Table 21 PROJECT SWOT ANALYSIS

 

STRENGHTS

THREATS

OPPORTUNITIES

WEAKNESSES

Ice locally available

Low control on market product sanitary conditions

IIP following resource

High prices of inputs derived from oil (gillnets and petrol)

Conservation facilities

Sailor low income

Tourism

Energy shortage

Women RSC group set up

Sailor working condition

Availability of market

Agriculture is not an alternative activity for low yield season

Ice factory

Saleswomen working condition in winter

IDPPE Provincial delegation

Quantity of ice available is not sufficient

 

No first selling fish market

Increasing market

 

 

6 months low catches period (June to Nov)

Artisanal fisheries strategic plan

 

 

Resource in danger of overexploitation

Prepare condition for future open sea EU export oriented artisanal fleet.

 

 

Cost of ice transport to the market

 

 

 

Ice take fish room in basin and turn it heavier

 

 

 

 

2.2.4. Activities and Plans: see log frame annex 6

 

The following activities are contemplated

 

2.2.4.1 Activities per social status

 

a) Fish vendors in Maputo city;

 

  • Capacity building (literacy, HIV, Fish quality…)
  • Advocacy Setting up an strengthening a local advocacy forum and network
  • Trade union association strengthening
  • Improving relation with city council
  • Rotative saving and credit scheme.
  • Find specialized operator to facilitate the Revolving Saving and Credit existing women Groups.
  •  Market Facilities.
  •  Facilitate Transport conditions

 

b) Costa do Sol fishfolks

 

Sailors

  • Improve working conditions security, salary
  • Facilitating a local sailor association or trade union
  • Capacity building (literacy, HIV,)
  • Rotative saving and credit scheme for sailors or sailors wives

 

Owners and vendors

  • Market place building

 

Owners

  • Assist owners fishermen association to manage their storage facilities
  • Improve the quality of the fish using ice on board in hot season (December to Mars).
  • Find alternative activities during low yield season.

 

Vendors

  • Capacity building (literacy, HIV, improve your business,)
  • Networking (contact with Forum Mulher)
  • Rotative saving and credit scheme monitoring
  • Find alternative activities during low yield season.
  • Help to reconcile homestead function with business activity. (Kindergarten)

 

2.2.4.2 Activities per component

 

a) Fish quality promotion

 

Table 22 Ice subsidies value calculation

 

 

T.per day

T per month

T per trimester

Price per T

Mtn

Price per t

USD

Price per

Year

Subs. rate

Subvention

2008

1

30

90

2000

77

6923

50%

3 462

2009

 

 

 

 

 

 

30%

2 077

2010

 

 

 

 

 

 

15%

1 038

2011

 

 

 

 

 

 

0%

0

 

If project monitoring recommend subsidizing ice costs during a longer period in the year alternative financing will have to be found.

 

Training

It is suggested to help IDPPE agents in term of logistic (petrol) and some incentives.

 

b) Revolving Credit and Saving

It is suggested to find a facilitator to coordinate this component that is directed to vendors and sailors. We should decide what should be the relation and role IDPPE social technician that have initiated the RCS groups.

 

c) First sale market

The objective of the first sale market is to provide conditions to realize the commerce transaction between the fisherman and the first actor of the trade chain.

Before to build the market it is necessary to discuss

Its location, its dimension, community participation (building, contact with City Council for authorisation), equipment needed (scales, conservation facilities), management,

 

d) Assistance to fish. Association and CCP

 

2.2.4.3 Project insertion in the community

In order to link the project activities with the stakeholders it is suggest to set up a steering committee composed by representants of the 5 categories owners, sailors and menders, vendors, cold and ice providers and consumers.

 

2.2.4.4Project management and coordination

 

2.2.4.5.Institutionnal coordination

It has to be decided what should be the Institution in charge of the project.    

 

The government organisation in charge of fisheries is the Ministry of Fisheries. The IDPPE is the organisation in charge of artisanal fisheries. Gender issue is an important issue in Fisheries.IDPPE has not yet implemented its gender strategic plan.  

The ministry in charge of woman is Ministry of woman and social action. It has implemented activities in the fisheries sector.

 

2.2.4.1 management

The project needs an operator and a coordinator.

 

2.2.5 role of the government institutions.

 

  • Improve and maintain quality of the access road
  • Prevent erosion mitigation
  • Give penalty to industrial fishing in 3 miles
  • Promote quality of fish by giving training and facilities to vendors and fishers for hygiene and fish conservation onboard and on the ground  (market places
  • Give orientation and licensing for market building
  • Find sources of credit to improve fish quality and local storage capacity  (providing credit to private processors and storage unit managers through FFP)
  • Improve quality of energy (no shortage and fluctuation) supplied by EDM.
  • Improve and maintain quality of the access road.
  • Indicate where the market should be set up.
  • ·       

2.2.6.recomendation and actions for decisions makers

  • Use artisanal fisheries strategic plan and IDPPE as a counsellor/or operator to integrate any development initiative.

 

 

2.2.7.Budget/Resources see annex 8

 

LIST OF ACRONYMS

 

CM                                                      City council

CCP                                                    Fisheries community Council

CPUE                                                  Catches per unit of effort

DPP                                                    Provincial Fisheries Directorate                     

FFP                                                     Fisheries development Fund

IDPPE                                                 Small Scale Fisheries Development Institute

IIP                                                       Fisheries Investigation Institute

INE                                                     Statistic National Institute

INIP                                                    Fisheries National Inspection Institute

PESPA                                                Artisanal Fisheries subsector strategic plan

IUCN                                                  International Union for conservation of nature

MMAS                                               Woman and Social Action Ministry               

 

 

 

ANNEXES

 

 

 

 

 

 

Annexe 1 popular market list and fishmongers number

 

Annexe 2 Magumba fishing activity sail boat owner average annual rent calculation 2006 

 

Annexe 3 Equipment value and duration for Costa do Sol Gillnet fishing activities

 

Annexe 4 Repartition of catches between owner and 7 crewmembers for a motorized boat

               (Owner s view).

 

Annexe 5 Thematic Dec 2006 PRA log frame facilitated by IDPPE

 

Annexe 6 Income statement of different fish vendor’s categories

 

Annexe 7 Costa do Sol artisanal development fisheries project log frame

 

Annexe 8 Costa do Sol artisanal fisheries development project budget

 

                                                     Annex 1

                         Maputo city marketplaces list and fishmongers number

 

Name

District

Grade

Fishmongers (Fresh)

Peixe da mama (Frozen)

Fajardo

2

B

29

0

Xipamanine formal

2

A

119

1

Catembe

6

C

21

0

Povo

1

A

2

1

Malhazine

5

C

3

0

Estrela vermelha

3

C

10

0

Mafalala

2

C

15

0

Luis Cabral

5

B

0

1

Jardim

5

 

6

0

Praça dos combatantes

4

B

15

0

1 de junho

4

C

5

0

Ferroviario

4

 

0

1

Xipamanine informal

2

C

5

0

Mazambane

3

C

7

12

Benfica

5

C

0

1

Bagamoyo

5

C

6

1

Mavalane

4

C

1

1

Vulcano

2

C

10

1

Junta

2

C

0

0

Unidade 7

2

C

4

1

25 de junho

5

C

1

2

Inhagoia

5

C

1

0

Khalene

3

C

20

0

1 de agosto

3

C

3

0

Chai

3

C

0

1

Central

1

A

34

1

Maxaquene

3

B

0

0

1 de Maio

3

C

0

1

Polana Caniço

3

B

15

1

Janete

1

A

4

0

A luta continua

4

C

111

0

Mutchapo

4

C

0

0

Agostino Neto

1

C

2

0

Total

 

 

446

18

 


 

 

                                                 Annex 2

 

2006 Magumba fishing activity average annual rent calculation

 

REVENUES

Unit

Mtn

Usd

Usd per kg

Estimated annual production

Kg

  7 250

 

290

Production value

Mtn

64 900

2496

0.34

COSTS

Mtn

 

 

 

Labor

Mtn

13 800

531

 

Intermediate input

Mtn

  8 800

338

 

Estimate financial cost

Mtn

 4 000

154

 

Capital costs

Mtn

 1 500

  57

 

Total costs

 

 

1081

0.15

NET REVENUE

 

 

 

 

Net revenue

Mtn

36 800

1415

 

Estimate Owner labor cost

Mtn

18 000

692

 

Capital opportunity cost

Mtn

1   000

38

 

Profit

Mtn

17 800

684

0.09

Average Rent

Mtn/kg

2.5

0.1

 

(Source doc research study IUCN H.Tembe/Ziegler may 2007)


 

Annex 3 a) Equipment value for Costa do Sol Gillnet fishing activities

 

 

Boat

 

Fishing gear

 

New Motor

 

 Total

 

Mtn

usd

Mtn

usd

Mtn

usd

usd

Motor Gillnet fishing

25 000

615

60 000

2 308

135 000

5192

        8115

Sail Gillnet fishing

20 000

769

20000

769

 

 

         1538

 

 

Annex 3 a) Equipment duration              

 

Boat

Fishing gear

New Motor

Unit

Year

Month

Year

Motor Gillnet fishing

20

3 to 6

2 to 5

Sail Gillnet fishing

20

6

 

 

 

 

 

Annex 4

 

 

 

Repartition of catches between owner and 7 crewmembers for a motorized boat (owner s view).

 

Catches crates

Owner

Owner

Usd

Owner %

Crews and menders %

Crews and menders usd

Crews and menders

Mtn

Sailors

Usd

Sailors

Mtn

Master

Usd

Master

Mtn

2

2

25

67

33

12.3

320

1.92

50

2.7

70

4

3

 

75

25

 

 

 

 

 

 

6

4

 

67

33

 

 

 

 

 

 

8

5

 

63

37

 

 

 

 

 

 

10

6

 

60

40

 

 

 

 

 

 

12

8

 

65

35

 

 

 

 

 

 

14

9

 

64

36

 

 

 

 

 

 

15

10

 

67

33

 

 

 

 

 

 

16

11

 

69

31

 

 

 

 

 

 

18

12

 

67

33

 

 

 

 

 

 

20

13

 

65

35

 

 

 

 

 

 

Average

 

 

69

31

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


Annex 5

 

 Thematic Dec 2006 PRA log frame facilitated by IDPPE. 

 

 

Problem

Cause

Solution

Activity

Responsibility

Fishermen

Saleswomen

Low yields

Too much boats in the fishing center

Limit number of licenses

Promote fishing in open sea

List interested fishermen in open sea.

Contact a donor to finance open sea fishing boats construction

 

Fishermen

Saleswomen

Fish conservation

Rotten fish at sea and on the ground

 

No money to buy ice

No freezing unity

Frequent energy shortage

No cool boxes

No transport to the fishing harbor

 

 

Cold storage unit

Ice factory

Contact a private transporter

Revolving Credit Savings Schemes

 

 

 

 

Find credit provider

 

 

Fishermen price is high

High prices of Petrol

High prices of inputs

 

 

 

Saleswomen

Limited access for vehicles to fishing center

Bad road and damaged bridge

 

 

 

Fishermen

No fish market

No donor

Contact City Council.to build a Market place in the fishing center

 

 

 

                                           Annexe 6

 

 Income statement of different fish vendors’ categories

 

a

Sailboat manager (10 t annual catches)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit

 

Price/unit

Nber per year

USD

per kg

 

Estimated annual sales quantity

Crate

 

12,5

400

 

 

 

 

Kg

 

 

10 000,00

 

 

 

Commission manager

%

6%

 

24

300

0,03

 

Commission sales

Mtn

50,00

1,92

 

46

 

 

Total revenue

 

 

 

 

346

 

 

COSTS

Mtn

 

 

 

 

 

 

Wasted fish

%

 

5%

 

15

0,00

 

Total cost

 

 

 

 

15

 

 

NET REVENUE

Mtn

 

 

 

 

0,03

 

Net revenue

 

 

 

 

331

 

 

b

Sales in fishery center

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Mtn

usd

 

 

per kg

 

REVENUES

Unit

 

Price/unit

nber/year

 

 

 

Commision

Crate

50

1,92

720

1 385

 

 

COSTS

Mtn

 

 

 

 

 

 

Wasted fish

Mtn

 

0

5%

69

 

 

total

 

 

 

 

69

 

 

NET REVENUE

Mtn

 

 

 

 

 

 

Net revenue

crate

50

 

 

1 315

 

 

 

 

c

sale in market place Xquelene

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Mtn

usd

 

 

per kg

 

REVENUES

Unit

 

price/unit

nber

USD

 

 

Estimated annual sales quantity

crate

 

12,5

720

 

 

 

 

Kg

 

 

18000

 

1,31

 

Sales value

crate

474

18,23

720

13 125

 

 

COSTS

Mtn

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fishing center

 

 

 

 

 

0,90

 

Fish purchase

Crate

325

12,5

720

9 000

 

 

Fish washing

Crate

5

0,2

720

144

0,00

 

Overnight conservation

Crate

30

1,15

720

0

0,00

 

Fish transport

Crate

10

0,39

720

0

0,02

 

Vendor transport

Day

10

0,38

600

228

 

 

Market place

 

 

 

 

 

0,08

 

Labor Saleswoman

Crate

30

1,15

720

828

 

 

Marketplace fees

Day

4,5

0,17

350

60

 

 

Water

Tin

1

0,04

 

28

 

 

Marketplace cost (washing)

Day

1

0,04

350

13

 

 

Conservation in market place

Crate/day

20

0,77

 

40

0,07

 

Wasted fish

%

 

5%

 

656

 

 

Crate transport market fishing center

 

2,5

0,1

 

60

1,11

 

Total cost

 

 

 

 

11 057

 

 

NET REVENUE

Mtn

 

 

 

 

0,21

 

Net revenue

 

 

 

 

2 068

25

 

 

 

d

basin sale in market place Xquelene

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Unit

Mtn

usd

 

 

per kg

 

REVENUES

basin

 

price/unit

nber

USD

 

 

Estimated annual sales quantity

20

 

14,58

240

 

 

 

 

Kg

 

 

4800

 

0,35

 

Sales value

 

 

 

 

3 500

 

 

COSTS

Mtn

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fishing center

 

 

 

 

 

0,24

 

Fish purchase

Kg

 

0,50

4800

2 400

 

 

Fish transport

Crate

2,5

0,10

360

35

0,02

 

Vendor transport

Day

10

0,38

360

228

 

 

Market place

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Conservation in market place

Crate/day

20

0,77

 

40

0,02

 

Wasted fish

%

 

5%

 

175

 

 

Total cost

 

 

 

 

2 878

 

 

NET REVENUE

Mln

 

 

 

 

0,06

 

Net revenue

 

 

 

 

622

25

 

 

Annex 7

Costa do Sol artisanal development fisheries project log frame

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Stakeholders

 

 

 

Activity

Indicator

Indicator

Owners

Sailors

Vendors

Other

Budget

Improving sailors conditions

 

Process

Result

 

 

 

 

 

 

Facilitation association/trade union

 

T union constituted

 

x

 

 

 

 

Fisheries working condition rules

 

Average salary improved

 

x

 

 

 

 

Capacity building (literacy, HIV,)

training day nber

nber of literated sailors

 

x

 

 

 

 

RSC scheme

Training day nber

Nber of formed groups

 

x

 

x

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Promote fish quality

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

first sale Market building

 

Market set up

x

 

x

 

5000

 

Ice use subsidies

 

Tonnes of sold subsidized ice

 

 

X

 

3000

 

Freezing subsidies

 

Frozen crate-day subs nber

X

 

X

 

2000

 

Training in ice use

Training day nber

Training day nber

X

 

X

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1000

Women vendors empowerment

 

 

 

 

 

X

 

 

 

Social center building

Community participation

Social center set up

 

 

X

 

 

 

Training center building

Community participation

Training center set up

 

 

X

 

 

 

Improve working condition

 

Improved working condition

 

 

X

 

 

 

Capacity building

Training day nber

Vendors able to solved their problems

 

 

x

 

 

 

Livelihood increase SC scheme

 

Nber of formed groups

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Rotation nber per year

 

 

 

 

 

 

Improve transport condition

 

Improved transport condition

 

 

x

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Assistance to fish.ass.and council

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fisheries council facilitation

 

Nber of problem solved

x

 

 

 

 

 

Fisheries council equipment

 

Equipment operational

x

 

 

 

 

 

Association equipment

 

Equipment operational

x

 

 

 

 

 

Fishermen capacity building

Training man day nber

Nber of skilled owners

x

 

 

 

 

 

Fishermen association facilitation

 

Nerd of problem solved

x

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Monitoring and evaluation

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Auto evaluation

 

Auto evaluation executed

x

x

x

x

 

 

Mid term review monitoring

 

Mid term review monit executed

 

 

 

 

 

 

End project evaluation

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Total

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Studies and PRA

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Base line survey

 

Base line survey executed

 

 

 

 

 

 

PRA

 

PRA executed

 

 

 

 

 

 

Study about fish incomes

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

                   

 

 

Annexe 8

               Costa do Sol artisanal fisheries development project budget 

 

 

Fisheries

Year 1

Year 3

Year 3

Year 4

Total

1

Improving sailors working and financial conditions

5 000

5 000

5 000

5 000

20 000

2

Promote quality of fish

14 000

5 000

2 000

1 000

22 000

3

Women vendors capacity building

5 000

5 000

4 000

2 000

16 000

4

Assistance to fish. Ass.and council

2 000

2 000

1 000

1 000

      6 000

5

Monitoring and evaluation

  500

1 500

500

1 500

4 000

6

studies PRA

2 000

 2 000

1 000

1 000

6 000

7

Consulting

2 000

2 000

2 000

2 000

8 000

 

 

 

 

 

 

0

 

Total

33 000

21 000

15 000

13 000

82 000

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1

Improving sailors conditions

 

 

 

 

 

 

Facilitation association/trade union

1000

1000

1000

1000

4 000

 

Fisheries working condition rules

1000

1000

1000

1000

4 000

 

Capacity building (literacy, HIV,)

1000

1000

1000

1000

4 000

 

RSC scheme

2000

2000

2000

2000

8 000

 

Total

 

 

 

 

20 000

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2

Promote quality of fish

 

 

 

 

 

 

Equipment

 

 

 

 

 

 

First sale Market building

7000

 

 

 

7 000

 

First sale Market equipment

 

1000

 

 

1 000

 

Subsidies

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ice use subsidies

4000

2000

1000

 

7 000

 

Freezing subsidies

2000

1000

 

 

3 000

 

Training

 

 

 

 

 

 

Petrol, food, room renting

1000

1000

1000

1000

4 000

 

Total

14 000

5 000

2 000

1 000

22 000

3

Women vendors empowerment

 

 

 

 

 

 

Social center building

 

2000

 

 

2 000

 

Training center building

 

 

2000

 

2 000

 

Improve working condition

1000

 

 

 

1 000

 

Capacity building

1000

1000

1000

1000

4 000

 

Livelihood increase SC scheme

2000

2000

1000

1000

6 000

 

Improve transport condition

1000

 

 

 

1 000

 

 

5 000

5 000

4 000

2 000

16 000

4

Assistance to fishermen association and

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fisheries council facilitation

500

500

500

500

2 000

 

Fisheries council equipment

500

 

 

 

500

 

Association equipment

 

500

 

 

500

 

Fishermen capacity building

500

500

 

 

1 000

 

Fishermen association facilitation

500

500

500

500

2 000

 

Total

2 000

2 000

1 000

1 000

6 000

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

5

Monitoring and evaluation

 

 

 

 

 

 

Auto evaluation

500

500

500

500

2 000

 

Mid term review monitoring

 

1000

 

 

1 000

 

End project monitoring

 

 

 

1000

1 000

 

Total

500

1 500

500

1 500

4 000

6

Studies PRA

 

 

 

 

 

 

Base line survey

1000

 

 

 

1 000

 

PRA

1000

 

 

 

1 000

 

Study about fish incomes

2 000

 

 

 

2 000

 

Incentives for state workers

500

500

500

500

2 000

 

Total

 

 

 

 

6 000

7

Consulting

 

 

 

 

 

 

Total

2 000

2 000

2 000

2 000

8 000

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Grand total

 

 

 

 

82 000

 


BIBLIOGRAPHY

 

-A research study on the fisheries sector environmental accounts for the Maputo coastal districts.IUCN and Ministry of Fisheries of the republic of Mozambique.May 2007

 

-Avaliação do estado do manancial e pesca de magumba na Baia de Moçambique

INIP Fev 2006

 

-Relatorio sobre a capacitação do uso correcto de gelo aos pescadores e comerciantes de Costa do Sol (Bairro dos pescadores)IDPPR delegação de Maputo e Gaza Dec 2006

 

-Plano estrategico do subsector da pesca artesanal (PESPA) april 2007

 

 

 

 

 

Economic and Social Impacts of the Mozambique / EU Fisheries Agreements

 
   

 

 

 

Tuna Seiner, photograph courtesy of N. Ansell

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Final Report, April 2008

 

Contents

 

Nomenclature……………………………………………………………………………………………………. iii

1.    Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1

2.   The Fisheries Sector……………………………………………………………………………………… 1

Structure of the Marine Fishing Industry…………………………………………………………………… 1

Production………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2

Contribution to GDP…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2

3.   Genesis of Agreements………………………………………………………………………………… 3

Justification……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3

Typology……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3

Rational…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 6

Existing agreements…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7

Comment……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7

History of Mozambique / EC Fisheries Agreements…………………………………………………….. 9

Execution 1987-93…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 10

4.   Analysis of Agreements (2004, 2007)………………………………………………………….. 12

Provisions, obligations and fulfilment……………………………………………………………………… 12

Opportunities, uptake and catches………………………………………………………………………………………. 12

Reference catches…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 13

Financial contribution & licensing…………………………………………………………………………………….. 14

Reporting………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 15

VMS………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 16

Employment………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 16

Infractions…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 17

Compliance………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 17

Resource management aspects…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 17

Summary of costs and benefits…………………………………………………………………………………… 18

Joint enterprises……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 24

Impacts on other National Fisheries…………………………………………………………………………. 24

5.   Compensation Mechanisms……………………………………………………………………….. 25

Objective………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 25

Effectiveness……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 26

Fair rent?…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 27

Alternatives to financial compensation……………………………………………………………………. 28

6.   Negotiating Capacity…………………………………………………………………………………. 29

7.   Participation & Partnership Options…………………………………………………… 29

8.   Policy and Strategy options……………………………………………………………………. 31

9.   Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 33

Annex 1 Detailed Tables………………………………………………………………………………….. 35

Annex 2 – Terms of Reference……………………………………………………………………….. 37

 

 

Tables

Table 1 – Fisheries Sub sectors…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 1

Table 2 – Principle Fisheries……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 1

Table 3 – Artisanal Fisheries Catch………………………………………………………………………………………. 2

Table 4 – Industrial and Semi-Industrial Fisheries Catch………………………………………………………….. 2

Table 5 – Structure of GDP and Exports………………………………………………………………………………. 3

Table 6 – Changes from FAs to FPAs…………………………………………………………………………………… 5

Table 7 – Agreement Details……………………………………………………………………………………………… 10

Table 8 – Rents 1987-93…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 11

Table 9 – Uptake and Production 2004-7……………………………………………………………………………. 12

Table 10 – Rents 2004-7…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 14

Table 11 – Summary of Principle Costs and Benefits…………………………………………………………….. 18

Table 12 – Detailed Costs and Benefits……………………………………………………………………………….. 20

Table 13 – Scenario for differential tuna compensation………………………………………………………….. 28

Table 14 – EC Agreements currently in force……………………………………………………………………….. 35

 

 

 

Figures

Figure 1 – Existing Fisheries Agreements………………………………………………………………………………. 7

Figure 2 – Timescale of Mozambique / EU Fisheries Agreements…………………………………………….. 9

Figure 3 – Comparison of rents from tuna fishing, 2004 and 2007………………………………………….. 15

Figure 4 – Designated fishing area (2007/11)……………………………………………………………………….. 36

 

Nomenclature

 

ACP              Afro Caribbean Pacific

CFFA           Coalition for Fair Fisheries Agreements

EC                European Community

ECU             European Currency Unit (parity with Euro)

EU                European Union

FA                Fisheries Agreement

FPA              Fisheries Partnership Agreement

FTE              Full Time Equivalent

GDP             Gross Domestic Product

GoM             Government of Mozambique

GRT             Gross Registered Tonnes

GT                Gross Tonnes

ILO               International Labour Organisation

IOTC            Indian Ocean Tuna Commission

JE                 Joint Enterprise

MCS             Monitoring Control and Surveillance

MoF              Ministry of Fisheries

NGO            Non Governmental Organisation

RFMO          Regional Fisheries Management Organisation

SADC           Southern African Development Community

SWIOFC      South West Indian Ocean Fisheries Commission

UNCLOS     United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

VMS             Vessel Monitoring System

WTO            World Trade Organisation

WWF            World Wildlife Foundation

 

1.    Introduction

Since independence Mozambique has signed three fisheries agreements with the European Community, which have provided some significant economic benefits to the country as well as raised questions about impacts on national fisheries, environmental costs and secondary benefits such as employment. 

This report presents a brief overview and history of the three agreements and the protocols that have defined the technical and financial details during execution.  Focussing on the last two agreements (2004-6 and 2007-11) an analysis is made of the economic and social impacts of the agreements, and areas are identified where improvements could be made, including increased partnership options, enhanced participation of civil society  and strategic / policy issues.  The terms of reference for the study are presented in Annex 2.

Most of the study has been compiled on the basis of data from public sources, as only a very limited amount of information was made available through the Ministry of Fisheries. 

 

2.    The Fisheries Sector

The fisheries sector in Mozambique is very important both in terms of contribution to GDP, protein supply for national consumers as well as employment.  Some 80.000 Mozambicans are mainly occupied with fisheries related activities, while coastal communities all along the 2500 km coastline rely on fisheries as their main economic activity[1].

Structure of the Marine Fishing Industry

The industry is divvied into three sub sectors, namely Artisanal, Semi-Industrial and Industrial the differential being made primarily on the technical characteristics of the means of production. 

Table 1 – Fisheries Sub sectors

Sector

Vessel size

Propulsion

Conservation

Max range

Artisanal

< 10m

Sail, oar, motor <100hp

None, some with ice

12nm

Semi-industrial

10-20m

Motor <350hp

Ice

30nm

Industrial

>20m

Motor <1500hp

On board freezing

EEZ

 

The principle fisheries in each sector are as follows:

Table 2 – Principle Fisheries

Sector

Fishery

Location

Product

Market

Artisanal

Beach seine

Handline

Shoreline: Sofala Bank

Near shore: Sofala Bank, Nampula, C-Delgado

Small pelagic fish

Demersal fish

National

National

Semi-industrial

Bottom trawl

Near shore: Sofala Bank (South of Beira)

Shallow water shrimp

National + Export

Industrial

Bottom trawl

Bottom trawl

Seine

Long line

Near shore: Sofala Bank (North of Beira)

Offshore: Inhaca, Sofala Bank

Offshore: Cabo Delgado, Nampula

Offshore

Shallow water shrimp

Deep water shrimp

Tuna

Tuna, Swordfish, Sharks

Export

Export

Export

Export

 

Note that there are no national vessels exploiting large pelagics (tuna, swordfish and sharks) and the fishery is utilised by foreign flagged vessels fishing either via direct license or under a fisheries access agreement.  None of the vessels in this fishery (whether under private license or a fisheries agreement) have any interaction with the national economy, neither providing employment, fish for national consumption, raw material for processing or any other form of added value.  The fleets are generally unseen, as they operate some distance from the shore, and they will generally only use Mozambican port facilities for emergency repairs.  Their catch is transhipped at sea to a supply vessel which will renew on board supplies and even change crews.

Production

Official production statistics for 2005 and 2006 are shown in the following tables.  Total catch (all subsectors) is reported as 83,000 – 91,000 tonnes but it should be noted that the artisanal sector is not completely covered by the statistical system and officers estimate total catch (all subsectors) to be in the region of 100,000 – 120,000 tonnes per year. 

Table 3 – Artisanal Fisheries Catch

 

Tonnes

US$’000

 

2005

2006

2005

2006

Crab

 161

 175

 482

 508

Fish

 50,024

 57,457

 125,060

 143,643

Shallow water shrimp

 1,759

 1,367

 8,795

 6,835

Cephalopods

 240

 247

 600

 618

Sharks

 892

 776

 2,230

 1,940

Lobster

 12

 5

 132

 35

Others

 4,660

 3,946

 2,330

 1,973

Total

 57,748

 63,973

 139,629

 155,552

Source: Ministério das Pescas, Relatório do Balanço do PES 2006

 

Table 4 – Industrial and Semi-Industrial Fisheries Catch

 

Tonnes

US$’000

 

2005

2006

2005

2006

Lobster

 1

 8

 11

 88

Crab

 158

 107

 474

 321

Deep water shrimp

 1,774

 1,803

 8,870

 9,015

Fish

 660

 665

 1,650

 1,663

Shallow water Shrimp

 8,520

 7,393

 68,160

 59,144

Nephrops

 149

 94

 1,490

 940

Cephalopods

 165

 114

 413

 285

Kapenta

 12,991

 16,017

 15,589

 19,220

Bycatch

 1,830

 1,725

 915

 863

Total

 26,248

 27,926

 97,572

 91,539

Tuna

 5,396

 6,691

 10,792

 13,382

Source: Ministério das Pescas, Relatório do Balanço do PES 2006

 

Contribution to GDP

The fishers sector makes a small contribution to GDP but shrimp exports make an important contribution to total national exports:

Table 5 – Structure of GDP and Exports

Sector

Av GDP 2000-6

109MT

 

 

 

 

  

Principle Exports by Sector, 2004

Agriculture

 25,864

23%

Manufacturing

 16,022

14%

Trade

 11,302

10%

Transport

 10,839

10%

Rents

 10,800

10%

Water/Electricity

 5,431

5%

Financial sector

 4,514

4%

Administration and defense

 4,110

4%

Education

 3,839

3%

Construction

 3,680

3%

Fisheries

 2,109

2%

Hotels

 1,675

1%

Heath

 1,355

1%

Mining

 787

1%

Other

 2,364

2%

ISFIM

-2,582

-2%

Total

 102,109

91%

Tax

 10,057

9%

Grand Total

 112,167

100%

Sources: INE, EIU Mozambique Country Report 2006

 

 

 

3.    Genesis of Agreements

Justification

The justification for Fisheries Agreements lies in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982.  The Convention gave States control over the waters within 200 miles their coast, as a step to stop a recognised decline in global fish stocks and limit the ability of one country to fish the resources of another without management or rent. In Article 62, the Convention simultaneously opened  up the possibility that a coastal State may concede access to another State in order to fish surplus, subject to conditions which may include compensation:

Where the coastal State does not have the capacity to harvest the entire allowable catch, it shall, through agreements or other arrangements…… give other States access to the surplus of the allowable catch[2]

Article 62 provide the founding justification for the negotiation of access agreements (Fisheries Agreements) on behalf of European industrial fishing vessel owners, the first of which was concluded in 1979.

Typology

The model for Fisheries Agreements changed little between 1980-2003.  Essentially the European Commission negotiated access for a certain number (or Gross Tonnage) of vessels for the period of the agreement and compensation was negotiated on the basis of a reference catch, detailed by fishery.  The reference catch was an estimate of how much the fleet was predicted to catch during the period.  Catches above the reference catch would result in additional compensation and license payments, but there would be no refund for catches below the reference weight.  Financial contributions were divided up into Compensation proper and Support for Targeted Actions.  Through the latter the Commission sought to contribute directly to sustainable fishing practises, and other development related goals.  In addition to compensation and support for targeted actions, Fisheries Agreements carried obligations related to:

  • Vessel licensing
  • Fishing zones
  • Reporting of catch, entry and exit, position
  • Allowable by-catch
  • Taking on of observers
  • Satellite based vessel monitoring
  • Landing and transhipment of product
  • Employment of national crewmembers
  • Committees related to the Agreement

It should be noted that the license fees paid by vessel owners under the FA were generally lower than those that would be paid by an owner operating outside of an access agreement and often linked to reference catches (in the first instance) and catch declarations (should catch surpass reference values).  The financial contributions effectively subsidised vessel operators and provided an environment that was attractive to EC owners. 

The resource rent that accrued to the third country was therefore partly made up of license revenues and partly of the financial contributions.  The basis of the rent is guaranteed through the use of a reference catch value, which dictates not only compensation but also license fees.  Additional compensation and license fees are however payable should catches exceed reference levels: if the TOTAL fleet catch exceed the reference catch, additional compensation will be payable by the commission; if an INDIVIDUAL vessel’s catch exceeds the reference amounts implicated in the license payment, then additional license fee will be payable by the vessel owner.  Payments of both incremental compensation and license fees are integrally linked to catch declarations – should catches be incorrectly declared, there is a real risk of underpayment of revenues due.  The seriousness of this risk is determined by the ability (or lack thereof) of the coastal state to independently verify declared catches and the level at which the reference catch has been set.  If the latter is very low then it becomes very important that the coastal state has the ability to verify catches.

From 2003 the Commission started to replace Fisheries Agreements with Fisheries Partnership Agreements partly as a response to criticisms of lack of sustainability[3] and negative impacts on the development of local fisheries[4].  Anticipating new WTO rules on fisheries subsidies, the Commission also changed the perspective of the financial contribution which now “cannot be considered as a subsidy to the European fishermen.  For the future, the Community financial contributions will have to be regarded as investments for the improvement of responsible and rational fishing and therefore based on new considerations”.[5]   Whilst differential (preferential) licensing conditions still prevail between vessels licensed under a FPA and those licensed by direct individual application it is difficult to see how the subsidy has in reality changed.

The main changes between FAs and FPAs are summarised in Table 6 below[6],[7]:

Table 6 – Changes from FAs to FPAs

Main elements

 

FAs

 

FPAs

 

EU fleet operations

 

For the determination of the level of fishing opportunities, no reference was made to international scientific recommendations.

No exclusivity clause (stipulating that all EU-flagged boats fishing in the zone should operate under the FA).

General principle of EU fleets accessing only surplus stocks that cannot be caught by local fleets (so de facto discrimination between local and EU fleets).

For the determination of the level of fishing opportunities, reference is made in tuna agreements to RFMOs’ scientific recommendations.

Existence of an exclusivity clause.

Principle of non-discrimination between different fleets fishing in the fishing zones concerned, although the principle of access to surplus was reiterated in the Council’s conclusions.

Financial contribution

 

 

 

 

 

Determination of the level of the financial compensation based on fishing opportunities, and including specified amounts of the financial compensation to be devoted to particular initiatives (‘targeted actions’), often unconnected from the fisheries policy of the ACP country concerned.

The ACP country concerned sent an annual report about how money had been spent to implement targeted actions.

A reduction or an increase in the fishing opportunities granted to EU vessels leads to a reduction or increase in the financial compensation.

Determination of the level of the financial compensation based on fishing opportunities, and including EU financial support for the definition and implementation of a sectoral fisheries policy in the ACP country concerned. The EU and the ACP country concerned undertake prior consultations, in particular as regards implementation of the ACP sectoral fisheries policy.

The EC monitors the results against the objectives, rather than looking at the spending of the monies.

A reduction or an increase in the fishing opportunities granted to EU vessels leads to a reduction or increase in the financial compensation.

Shipowner contributions

Shipowners pay for licences.  Mixed agreements: amount varies; Tuna: €20-25 per tonne

Shipowners pay for licences. Advance payment generally higher than FAs. Mixed agreements: amount varies; Tuna: €35 per tonne

MCS

MCS activities may be supported under targeted actions

MCS activities may be supported under partnership actions 

VMS

Few FAs include a VMS protocol for satellite monitoring of EU vessels

Most FPAs include a VMS protocol for satellite monitoring of EU vessels (although the necessary conditions for implementation do not always exist)

Scientific cooperation

Not formally included.

Provisions for a joint scientific committee.

Seafarers’ employment

Employment of local crew; no social clause included.

Employment of local or ACP crew; a social clause is included defining minimum employment conditions (ILO).

Provisions for investments

No

 

Yes, particularly through the setting up of fishing joint ventures, transfer of technology, vessels, etc.

Impact evaluation

No ex-ante impact evaluations. Ex-post impact evaluations carried out since 2003 (not public)

Impact evaluations carried out for all FPAs (not public)

 

 

Rational

To understand why the European Community and third countries might be interested in entering into Fisheries Agreements it is necessary to look at some of the key problems facing both European and third countries, and the potential benefits that an agreement could bring to both parties:

 

European Community:

  • Dwindling fisheries resources, and increasing demand for fish products

During the latter part of the 20th century there was a significant decline in some key European fish stocks, notably North Sea Cod.  Demand for fish products however continued to rise, not only due to population growth but also due to greater awareness of health related benefits from increased fish consumption. Economic growth also fostered demand for important higher value products, the most significant of which is shrimp.

  • Underutilisation and over-capitalisation in European fleets

As part of management measures to adjust to dwindling resources, attempts were made to reduce effort in key European fisheries, whilst at the same time subsidies were available to encourage investment in other fishing sectors and maintain national shipbuilding interests.  A partial solution to the problems associated with capital & investment, growing demand  and dwindling local resources is to secure access to resources further a-field through such instruments as Fisheries Agreements.

  • Important employment and added value derived from the fisheries sector

In addition to the economic value of the employment opportunities created in the European fleet, there are significant benefits from employment and added value derived from to the processing of fish products.  Many third countries, especially developing nations do not have the capacity to process products for EC markets and the assurance of supply of raw material for European processing industries thus becomes an important benefit associated with a fisheries access agreements.

  • Private sector interest

FA’s have established a preferential environment for European vessel owners, including licensing costs, conditions regarding product origin and administrative assistance amongst others.  It is therefore in the financial interest of the owners to operate under an FA and benefit from such subsidies.

 

Third Countries:

  • Underutilised Resources

The basic tent of Article 62 is that a third country may have resources that it does not have the capacity to harvest, and this in turn will represent an economic loss for that country.  An access agreement should be an opportunity for the third country to extract some form of rent from an otherwise under utilised asset.  Compensation payments made under an access agreement may be an important contribution to third country government income and balance of payments.

  • Under capitalised fishing industries

Third countries which lack the technical and capital resources to fully exploit their own fisheries resources often aim to encourage investment in national fishing enterprises through the terms of an access agreement.  Should this be successful, the agreement becomes a means to its own end.

  • Under / Un Employment

Un and under employment is a serious problem in developing nations and the creation of employment opportunities either on board vessels licensed via conditions stipulated in access agreements or in associated shore based industries is seen as an important potential benefit to third countries.  Through this there may also be some additional benefits of training and transfer of know-how..

  • Difficulties in managing and controlling access to resources

The alternative to an access agreement may be to grant a series of individual licenses to foreign vessels.  This may be seen as administratively more onerous than dealing with one single entity in order to give  and control access to a whole fleet.  This is perceived to be the case with respect to licensing and infractions, where the third country will not, in the first instance, deal directly with vessel owners.

  • Cooperation in resource management

In principle both vessel and resource owners will have vested interest in sustainable management of a given fishery.   However rational self interest and a compliance quandary similar to the classical prisoners dilemma[8] results in very limited self compliance with rules when owners are left to act individually.   The situation is improved when there is some level of group responsibility, where an entity (in this case the Commission and the Owners Associations) acts for the collective (rather than individual) interests of owners.  This has been manifested through the linking of access agreements with support  for resource management and research via targeted actions.

Existing agreements

The agreements in force at the time of writing are detailed in Table 14, Annex 1 and illustrated in Figure 1 below.  Note that there is no protocol currently in force in Angola, Gambia, Equatorial Guinea and Senegal.

Figure 1 – Existing Fisheries Agreements

 

Source: MRAG: Comparative Study of the Impact of Fisheries Partnership Agreements 2007

Comment

Fisheries Agreements have been the subject of extensive criticism from various agencies including NGOs and public pressure groups.  The most prominent of these being the World Wildlife Fund and the Coalition for Fair Fisheries Agreements (CFFA).  In addition critical issues have been raised in documents commissioned by the European Commission itself.  Points that are raised include:

  • The existence of  under exploited resources is the basis of UNCLOS Article 62.  A costal state should have information related not only to the potential yield of the resource but also current levels of exploitation before such a conclusion can be reached.  Not only may this analysis be illusive but, as indicated in Table 6, fishing possibilities under FAs have been negotiated without reference to international scientific recommendations – a critical issue in the case of highly migratory species;
  • There has been inadequate financial and political support for RFMOs both through FAs and directly by Coastal States. Their role is fundamental to the management of highly migratory species;
  • Unsustainable fishing practices by fleets licensed under Fisheries Agreements, including non-reporting of catch data, non reporting of position, entry and exit, non adherence to fishing zones, poor by-catch management practices.  The under declaration of catches will affect resource management, and potentially result in underpayment of compensations and license fees;
  • Inadequate will amongst coastal states to establish & enforce regulatory frameworks and information management systems to ensure sustainable fishing practices.  This may be further exacerbated by a  fundamental lack of human and technical capacity in the costal state to effectively manage & monitor foreign fishers in their waters, including the ability to deploy observers and implement VMS systems.  In spite of this, agreements still go ahead.  WWF takes an explicit stand on the issue:

Fisheries partnership agreements should only be granted under the auspices of a fully developed fisheries management plan and after conducting environmental impact assessments[9]

  • Financial contributions have a triple focus, and cover (i) compensation for access granted to the resource, (ii) contribution to the cost of sustainable management and (iii) development aid.  These three objectives are not necessarily coherent, and touch on the fundamental dilemma as to whether FAs should be seen as a trade agreement or aid;
  • Subsidies inherent to the FAs result in unequal access conditions between operators under the FA and those from other nations;
  • Negative impacts on national fisheries, both at artisanal and industrial levels.  This is especially the case when exclusion zones for artisanal fisheries are either not defined or not observed;
  • Coastal states have found it difficult to account for expenditures on targeted actions, and the allocations set out in the FA may not necessarily reflect the priorities of the beneficiary government through out the life of the agreement.  Changing of budget allocations was a drawn out administrative process. The net result was that targeted action were not as effective as they should have been and there were often significant delays in disbursement;
  • There is a general lack of transparency regarding the terms and benefits of FAs.  Contrary to various  recommendations[10],[11] the evaluations of individual fisheries agreements made by the Commission remain outside of the public domain;
  • The distribution of employment and added value benefits is very skewed and estimated at between 10:90[12] and 23:77[13] in favour of the European Community.
  • In spite of the negative criticisms cited above, FPAs may yet be preferable to other alternatives: “from a development perspective FPAs are largely preferable to private arrangements between developing countries and companies.  FPAs are a better deal for development than the agreements which are offered by other nations, such as China”[14].

 

History of Mozambique / EC Fisheries Agreements

There have been three fisheries agreements between Mozambique and the European Community, the first of which entered into force on 1 January 1987.  This was subsequently renewed twice, but each time with a different protocol, changing some of the technical conditions, including the fishing opportunities made available.  The second renewal expired at the end of September 1993.

Figure 2 – Timescale of Mozambique / EU Fisheries Agreements

 

There was then a space of 10 years with no agreement, the second agreement only coming into force on 1 January 2004 and lasting three years.  The third, a Fisheries Partnership Agreement, entered into force in January 2007, but was only passed through the European Parliament in October of the same year, some 10 months later.

The principle difference between the three agreements (and their protocols) is in the fishing opportunities that each made available to EC fishers and the financial contribution: 

The 1987 Agreement on Fisheries Relations and its first protocol (1987-9) allowed for 40 tuna vessels (with no differentiation between longliners and purse seiners), an annual average of 3700 GRT/month of capacity (equivalent to about 15-18 vessels) in the shallow water shrimp fishery and 1100 GRT/month of capacity (equivalent to 3-4 vessels) in the deepwater shrimp fishery. Financial contribution: 2.5m€/yr (2.3m€ compensation, 0.2m€ targeted actions)

The second protocol (1990-1) increased the opportunities for tuna vessels to 44, without change to the opportunities for shrimp vessels. Financial contribution: 3.425m€/yr (2.15m€ compensation, 1.275m€ targeted actions)

The third protocol (1992-3) reduced the opportunities for tuna vessels to 42 and withdrew all shrimp opportunities for both shallow and deep water. Financial contribution: 0.275m€/yr[15] (0.172m€ compensation, 0.103m€ targeted actions)

The 2004 Fisheries Agreement established opportunities for 49 tuna vessels (35 seines + 14 longliners) and 10 deepwater shrimp vessels. Financial contribution: 4.09m€/yr (4.09m€ targeted actions)

The 2007 Fisheries Partnership Agreement reverted again to only tuna, but increasing the number of opportunities to 89 vessels (44 seiners + 45 longliners). Financial contribution: 0.9m€/yr (0.65m€ compensation, 0.25m€ targeted actions)

 

The most fundamental change in the evolution of the protocols was the withdrawal in 1992 protocol of shallow water shrimp opportunities, after Mozambique passed a new fisheries law (3/90) which set aside the shallow water shrimp fishery for exploitation by national individuals or companies.

The details of the opportunities and compensations are set out in the following table:

Table 7 – Agreement Details

 

 

Execution 1987-93

Very few details are available regarding the execution of the first agreement and protocols (1987-93), although it can reasonably be assumed that the uptake of shallow water shrimp opportunities (1987-91) would have been high.  The execution of the agreement would have been influenced by the establishment of joint venture companies in the shallow water shrimp sector (notably Pescamar, a JV between Mozambique and Pescanova of Spain and Efripel, a JV with Taiwo of Japan).  Pescamar has existed in Mozambique since 1980 and it would have been in the interest of both the company and the State to strengthen the position of Pescmar and other JVs in the sector rather than rely on a fisheries agreement for full exploitation of the resource.  By 1990 Mozambique had tabled a new fisheries law (3/90) which included a specific clause setting aside the shallow water shrimp fishery for national exploitation only.  As a result of this the third protocol to the agreement included no shallow water opportunities and Mozambique proposed that national companies should charter EU vessels in order to carry on fishing, but the EU did not agree.  The agreement was then terminated in 1992[16], before it had run its course.

Following the withdrawal of shallow water shrimp opportunities, it became important to establish national capacity to exploit the resource and the Fisheries Law now allowed the of leasing (afreitamento) of vessels, which become commonplace amongst smaller quota holders in the fishery.  Meanwhile the larger companies continued to invest to maintain and expand capacity.  Of note is the 6m€ loan for the renewal of Pescamar’s fleet made by the European Investment Bank in 1994, sponsored by the Government of Mozambique[17].

The first fisheries agreement will have brought both positive and negative benefits for the economy of Mozambique:

ü      The total rent payable, being the financial contribution plus licence fees, was at or above expected values for government rents on the basis of estimated value of reference catches and full utilisation of fishing opportunities.  Normally these might be expected to be in the order 7-10%, plus other added value from employment, port services and processing:

Table 8 – Rents 1987-93

From

1/1/87

 

1/1/90

 

1/1/92

 

To

31/12/89

 

31/12/91

 

30/9/93

 

Total Rent as % of catch value

16%

 

29%

 

10%

 

 

It is worth noting that the second protocol was a very much improved deal for Mozambique, whereas the third, following the withdrawal of shallow water shrimp from the opportunities was less attractive.  In the light of the fact that the financial contribution + license revenue was the only economic benefit from the agreement (there being no appreciable on-shore value added and limited employment opportunities), 10% could be considered low total economic rent.

ü      The shallow water shrimp fleet will have contributed some by-catch to national markets, although this would probably have been in very limited quantities as by-catch collection was not widespread amongst artisanal fishers at that time.  In addition the agreement states that by-catch should be landed in Maputo, and it is most unlikely that this took place in the shallow water shrimp fishery considering the distance from the main fishing grounds.

û       Reference catches in the shrimp fishery (1500t) are considered low in the context of the capacity allowed.  3700 GRT/mth implies an average of 15-18 vessels and these would have be able to catch about 1650-2000tonnes total catch per year.  Although there is an allowance for incremental compensation for catches above the reference catch, this is at a very low rate (50€/t, about 0.6% of catch value)

û       Reference catches in the tuna fishery at 6000t/yr for the first protocol and then 3000 and 3400 for the subsequent protocols are considered low, especially if the deployed fleet consisted of  many seiners.  For the 1990 protocol the tuna reference catch is a mere 68t/vessel, equivalent to 4-5days of fishing in Mozambican waters per vessel per year.  Although this value appears low, there is no data to indicate whether it is in fact unrealistic.

û       There will have been competition for resources between vessels licensed under the FA and national fleets, to the detriment of both parties.

û       At the time the area set aside for the exclusive use of artisanal fisheries was only 1nm from the coastal base line and the presence of additional industrial vessels will have aggravated conflicts.  Typically these would be in the form of interruptions to artisanal fishing operations, whereby artisanal fishers would be unable to set gear in the area where shrimp trawlers are operating, or gear conflicts.   In the latter case, artisanal fishing gear could be damaged or destroyed by shallow water trawlers.  No information was available as to whether this actually happened.

û        Penalties were set at a maximum of 100 000 ECU, rather than making reference to a penalty scale defined in national legislation.

û        The employment of Mozambican seaman was not obligatory.

û       Although the protocol stipulates that all vessels should take a (compliance?) observer on board, it is unlikely that this ever happened in the tuna fishery due to logistic considerations, as the main tuna fishing grounds are in the extreme north of the country, and the fisheries administration was based in Maputo/Beira.

û       No entry or exit inspections were required and all catch declarations in the tuna fishery were therefore not subject to any verification by national authorities.

 

 

 

4.    Analysis of Agreements (2004, 2007)

The second and third agreements with the European Commission were quite different in nature not only from the first agreement (set out more than 15 years earlier) but also from each other.  The 2004 agreement followed the pattern of the later Fisheries Agreements, whereas the 2007 agreement is a Fisheries Partnership Agreement (see Table 6).  In addition to the change in the typology of the agreements, the 2004 agreement created fishing opportunities in the tuna and deepwater shrimp sectors, whereas the 2007 agreement only allows for tuna fishing. 

Provisions, obligations and fulfilment

In this section the principle provisions of the two agreements are outlined, together with any available information on the execution of those provisions.

Opportunities, uptake and catches

Table 9 – Uptake and Production 2004-7

Segment

Year

2004

2005

2006

2007

Seiners

Uptake/Opportunities

33 / 35

35 / 35

35 / 35

39 / 44

Longline

Uptake/Opportunities

10 / 14

14 / 14

14 / 14

27 / 45

 

Catch

11,213

2,00018

1,500[18]

2,00018

Deepwater shrimp

Uptake/Opportunities

 0 / 10

0 / 10

0 / 10

 

Catch

0

0

0

 

Sources:           MRAG: Comparative Study of the Impact of Fisheries Partnership Agreements, Technical Report. 2007

            Delegation of the European Commission, Mozambique

The uptake of tuna fishing opportunities under the 2004/6 agreement was very high, with an average utilisation of 94%.  This reflects not only the favourable conditions set out in the protocol but also the importance of the Mozambique protocol to the EU fleet in the Western Indian Ocean completing the puzzle of available fishing areas in the region.  High uptake will also have been influenced by the western shift in stocks in the region seen in the 2003-4 and high concentrations of pelagic mantis shrimp (natosquilla investiatoris) leading to increased catchability[19], both of which significantly increased the importance of fishing opportunities in Tanzania, Mozambique and to a lesser extent Kenya.

Production in the tuna sector exceeded the reference catch (8,000t/yr) in 2004 and would have resulted in additional license and compensation payments (see below), but in 2005 returned to normal level of around 2,000 tonnes.

In contrast, the uptake of the deepwater shrimp fishing opportunities was zero, suggesting that the agreement was not well negotiated and opportunities did not reflect the demand from EC vessel owners[20].  The unduly high proportion of compensation attributable to the deepwater shrimp opportunities (see below) indicates that either negotiators really believed that the deepwater fishery was of great importance to EC operators or they were somehow mistaken.  The reasons attributed to the lack of uptake are as follows:

  • High license fees payable by EC operators.  The original protocol set license fees at 600€/t and this is certainly very high in the context of the landed value of deepwater shrimp (around 5,000€/t) and the high operational costs.
  • Most of the national operators who fish the deepwater shrimp fishery usually do so on the back of a shallow water shrimp license.  When productivity in the shallow water fishery declines mid year, vessels are taken out to the deepwater fishery, returning inshore towards the end of the year.  Operators report that this is the only way that they are able to maintain viable operations and it would be difficult or impossible to fish all year round only on a deepwater license, especially in the light of rising fuel prices.  It appears as if the Commission’s negotiators did not appreciate this, and negotiated fishing opportunities that were financially unviable.
  • The agreement imposed a sanitary inspection on Community vessels, to the same standards as those imposed by the EC on the Mozambican national fleet fishing for export markets.  It is possible that this may have discouraged vessel owners.
  • EC legislation regarding subsidies payable to EC vessel owners for the transfer of ships to distant water fisheries[21] made participation in the fishery less attractive.  In particular, the legislation established a deadline of 31 December 2004 for the ending of such benefits and it is unlikely that an operator would have been able to get a transfer affected within the first year of the agreement.

For the 2007/11 agreement, the opportunities in the tuna segment were increased by 25% for seiners and tripled for longliners.  This appears to be a direct consequence of the inclusion of an exclusivity clause in Fisheries Partnership Agreements, forbidding EC vessels intending to fish in the waters of a third country with an FPA with the European Community to enter into direct agreements outside of the FPA.  Mozambique has long standing contracts with the European tuna associations (Anabac and Opagac) and issued private licenses in addition to those under the 2004 FA[22], a practise that is now not permissible.

The uptake of fishing opportunities for 2007 was low relative to the previous years (74% compared to 94% under the previous agreement).  Although it is impossible to make any genuine analysis on such a short term piece of data, this may be due to factors including: natural variations in the migratory cycle of target species temporarily reducing the interest in fishing in Mozambican waters; the increased costs on vessel owners under the current protocol (43% increase in initial license fees as well an increase in incremental fees from €25/t to €35/t); over estimate of the interest of vessels previously licensed under agreements with Anabac/Opagac.

Reference catches

The correct estimation of reference catches is of great importance as it is used as the key multiplier in the calculation of base compensation and licence fees.

For the 2004 agreement the reference catches in the tuna average at 163t per vessel per year which would be high for longliners and probably low for seiners.  Without access to the actual catches for the sub-segments of the tuna fleet, the reference catch seems to be a reasonable starting value for compensation estimates.

The deepwater shrimp reference catch of an average of 100t (plus 54t of by-catch) per vessel  per year is again considered reasonable.

The per vessel reference catch for tuna was reduced for the 2007 agreement.  The total increased by 25% over 2004 values to 10,000t/yr, reflecting an equal increase in the number of seiner fishing opportunities.  However the number of opportunities for longliners increased three fold and this not reflected in the reference catch.  The annual catch of a longliner will however be only about 1/8 to 1/6 of that of a seiner and a more appropriate figure for the reference catch would have been about 11,000 tonnes per year.

Financial contribution & licensing

The revenues from the financial contribution and licensing are important to the Mozambican Fisheries Agreements as they are the only economic benefits that the country gains through the agreement.

The financial contribution under the 2004 agreement was unusual in that the total payment was allocated against targeted actions.  Under these condition, the agreement pre-defined how the base contribution was to be spent and any variations had to be previously agreed with the Commission.  In the 2007 partnership agreement, the Government of Mozambique has gained much greater autonomy in the application of the financial contribution.  Part of the payment (72%) is set against access and not subject to control via the agreement, whilst the balance is for “objectives identified by common accord…. in the context of the sectoral fisheries policy”. 

The level of compensation in the 2004 agreement is extraordinarily high in the context of the value of reference catches (especially in the deepwater shrimp sector), and even higher still considering that there was no uptake of opportunities in the deepwater  shrimp sector.

Table 10 – Rents 2004-7

Segment

Year

2004/6 protocol

2004

actual

2005

actual

2006

actual

2007/11

protocol

2007

actual

Seiners & Longliners

Compensation

      increment

600,000

600,000

241,000

600,000

600,000

900,000[23]

 

900.000

 

License fees

      Est increment

126,000

86,000

114,000

171,000

126,000

126,000

300,000[24]

133,000

234,000[25]

 

Total

726,000

1,126,000

726,000

 

1,333,000

1,134,000

 

Est Catch Value

7,000,000

9,700,000

1,750,000

 

9,700,000

1,936,000[26]

 

Rent as % of catch value

12%

12%

42%

 

14%

59%

Deepwater shrimp

Compensation

3,490,000

3,490,000

3,490,000

3,490,000

 

 

License fees

600,000

0

0

0

 

 

Total

4,090,000

3,490,000

3,490,000

3,490,000

 

 

Est Catch Value

4,000,000

0

0

0

 

 

Rent as % of catch value

101%

 

Total

Rent as % of catch value

44%

47%

240%

 

14%

59%

 

For the 2004/6 protocol, the level of rent in the deepwater shrimp sector was extremely high, and marginally exceeded of the value of the reference catch.  High tuna catches in 2004 kept the overall rent at 47%, a little above the overall rent foreseen in the protocol.  However in 2005 low declared tuna catches and no uptake of deepwater shrimp opportunities implied that Mozambique received a rent almost two and a half time the value of the catch.

The conditions set out in the 2007/11 protocol imply a rent of about 14% of value based on the reference catches which is considered reasonable.  This should be considered a minimum value as should catches exceed the reference catch the rent will rise slightly.  If catches fall below the reference values, the rent as a percent of catch value will be considerably higher as the minimum compensation does not change with catch.  In 2007 unconfirmed catch declarations (circa 2000t) are considerably below the reference value of 10,000t  and imply a payment to Mozambique of 59% of catch value.

For the European Community as a whole it makes no economic sense at all to pay such high percentages of catch value for access to fish in Mozambican waters.  The fact that the situations seems to be perpetuated over the years indicates that the Mozambican agreement has other value to EC, most likely linked with under or non-declaration of catches either systematically or periodically (i.e. every few years when there is a significant boom in productivity in Mozambican waters, such as 2004).

Between the 2004 and 2007 agreements here has been a slight change of the sharing of costs on the European side with the Commission reducing payment from 75 to 65€/t whilst owners have an increased licensing burden up from 25 to 35€/t.  This results in a slightly improved agreement from Mozambique’s perspective as additional payments under the licence conditions will be payable at lower total catches than under the compensation conditions.  The change is illustrated in Figure 3 which compares the variation of rent with total declared catch in the tuna sector for the two agreements:

 

Figure 3 – Comparison of rents from tuna fishing, 2004 and 2007

 

The figure indicates that for this sector the 2007 agreement represents a better deal for Mozambique than the 2004 agreement especially at lower catch levels, but neither are considered unreasonable.  The down side is that benefits accruing to Mozambique are now more dependant on correct catch reporting, thus increasing the risk of underpayments described in section 3.

Although overall rents appear reasonable, both the 2004 and 2007 agreements apply similar fees (license and compensation) to seiners and longliners whereas the market value of their catches are very different.  Seiners catch yellow fin and skipjack tuna in bulk for canning industries and have catch values estimated at around 800€/t.  Longliners will catch considerably less per vessel as indicated above, but the catch is made up of higher values species (swordfish and better quality tuna) with an average value per tonne 3-5 times that of purse seiners.  With such significant differences in values it would be justified to establish differential licensing and compensation rates for the two fleet segments to ensure that rents are a true reflection of catch values (see section 5 below).

Reporting

Reporting is a key aspect of compliance within the fisheries agreement and will have direct implications for resource management and compensation payments.  Reporting obligations in the 2004 and 2007 agreements cover entry and exit, catch and position information.  According to the Ministry of Fishers there has been very limited compliance with any of the reporting obligations from the EC fleet.  Catch reports should have been communicated directly to the Ministry, but appear to have been communicated to member states, then the Commission / Delegation and finally to the Ministry.  In some cases the format of the catch reporting was not as defined in the conditions of the agreement.  Entry and exit reports were not made, making it impossible to cross check catch data. 

It is interesting to note that these constitute infractions under the terms of the agreement and could have resulted in license suspension.  The Ministry however took no such initiative.

The long line segment made no declarations either to Mozambique or to the IOTC (the IOTC database of long line catches[27] has no data from Spanish vessels at all for the period for Mozambican waters).  It seems contradictory that the 2007 agreement enhances long line opportunities whereas there is apparently no fishing taking place.  It is considered that either activity is unreported, or the fleet finds it worthwhile to pay for opportunities that it does not use, probably due to current low swordfish catches in Mozambican waters.  This may change whereupon the opportunities would become very valuable.

It should be noted that the basic structure of the agreements encourage un- or under reporting of catches[28] as, should reference levels be surpassed, additional license and compensation amounts are payable.  The increase of financial burden on the vessel operator in the 2007 agreement will aggravate this problem.  The agreement sets out deadlines for the submission of catch data to the Commission (31st July of the following year) and the payment f additional compensation & license fees to Mozambique (30th  August), but it is clear that these are not being adhered to – at the time of writing of this document (December 2007) the delegation was not able to confirm final catch data for 2005 or 2006.  Not only is this breaking the provisions set out in the protocol, but it also makes it impossible to quantify any additional compensation or license payments that may be due.

Legislation recently proposed by the Council[29] (modifying the 2007 agreement) includes a provision that “The Commission shall evaluate each year whether Member States whose vessels are covered by the Protocol have complied with reporting requirements. Where this is not the case, the Commission shall withhold their requests for fishing licences for the following year”.  This is considered to be a significant step forward in the promotion of sustainable fishing.

VMS

Both the 2004and 2007 protocols require the use of satellite based vessel monitoring systems (VMS) and the passing of such information to Mozambique’s VMS centre.  This is an important way to confirm the presence of vessels in the country’s fishing zone, compliance with fishing areas and as a basis of catch estimates.  In addition it can be used to target surveillance activities.  During the 2004 agreement this was never successfully implemented and no data was successfully passed to the Mozambique system.  This was due to long standing problems with Mozambique’s VMS system, which has never become fully functional, and the lack of development of an interface between Mozambique’s system (based on Inmarsat) and the system used by EC vessels (based on Argos).  The issue has not yet been resolved and to date there is still not data being received by the national VMS centre.  It should in principle be possible to back up an automated system with faxed or emailed positions, but again this has not happened.

Employment

Both the 2004 and 2007 agreements open up the possibility for employment of Mozambican seamen on EC vessels.  During the 2004 agreement no crewman was employed and it is considered unlikely that any will be employed under the 2007 agreement.  Principle problems include:

  • the migratory nature of the resource and hence unpredictable and transitory presence of EC tuna vessels in Mozambican waters, making pre-planning very difficult.  Had there been uptake of deepwater shrimp opportunities it would have been considerably more likely that jobs for Mozambican seamen would have been created;
  • Language;
  • Lack of suitable experienced seamen;
  • The cost in terms of lost fishing days of coming to port to pick up seamen.  However this could be made part of entry inspection requirements.

Infractions

There are no infractions registered under the 2004 agreement.

Compliance

As indicated above, the key areas of non-compliance by the EC with the agreement were:

  • Non or late reporting of catches
  • Deficient entry/exit declarations
  • Handing over of  VMS information

No infractions were reported.

From the Mozambican side, unconfirmed reports indicate that  Ministry had difficulty in complying with the reporting requirements on the application of targeted actions. 

Resource management aspects

The 2004 agreement is clear that although the level of fishing opportunities made available under the protocol may be reassessed by the Joint Committee, (Article 11, §4 of the Agreement), the protocol is makes it clear that the review will be the competence of Mozambican authorities (Article 4 of the Protocol).  It is therefore not considered that the agreement takes away any dominion of Mozambique over its own resources.

Deepwater shrimp resources in Mozambique are estimated to have a potential yield of 3,500t/yr[30] whilst current levels of exploitation are around 1,000-1,800t/yr[31].  The attribution of a reference catch of 1000t to the EC  via the 2004 agreement is therefore in keeping with UNCLOS Article 62.

Resource management in the tuna sector does not effectively fall under the dominion of Mozambique per se, although there are principles which should be followed in order to avoid contributing to unsustainable fishing practices.  The highly migratory nature of the target species of seiners and longliners (tuna, swordfish and sharks) makes it in practise impossible for any one State to effectively manage the resource, both in terms of scientific research and catch or effort management. 

In the case of the Indian Ocean this responsibility falls to the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC) which coordinates scientific research, publishes stock analysis & recommendations and retains a list of vessels authorised to fish in the area.  This list is the basis for regional effort management.  The EC is a member of the IOTC and thus any vessel fishing under an agreement will have to be already on the IOTC’s list of authorised vessels and therefore within the current allowance for regional effort. 

It is important to note that unlike all of its immediate neighbours, Mozambique is neither a member of the IOTC nor cooperating party (a lesser but still binding form of membership) and is therefore not obliged only to license IOTC authorised vessels.  In this respect the agreement has indirectly improved tuna resource management, especially since 2007 whereby it became impossible for Mozambique to license EC vessels by private agreement (outside of the FPA).  Whilst the country remains outside of IOTC membership, Mozambique continues to have the ability to licence vessels in excess of the IOTC’s approved list (thus undermining regional resource management) as well as license vessels considered illegal by IOTC.

Observers are a key tool for biological monitoring of catches as well as to ensure compliance.  The 2007 agreement introduces a new clause that observers taken on board shall be appointed by the IOTC (Annex to the Protocol, Chapter 7, §1).  This is somewhat strange considering that Mozambique is not bound by any IOTC resolution and that IOTC observers would not have any legal powers over the vessel whilst in Mozambican waters, unless the IOTC appoints observers from the Ministry of Fisheries.  The agreement therefore opens up the possibility that there will only be biological observation, and no onboard compliance monitoring.  The ex-post evaluation of the 2004 agreement concluded that the continued absence of an effective observer programme contributed to the “limited” impact of the agreement on improved MCS[32]

 

Summary of costs and benefits

The following table summarises the key costs and benefits for both the EC and Mozambique during the execution of the 2004-6 agreement, and makes projections for the  2007-11 agreement.  It is worth noting that the Commission makes a detailed final evaluation of each agreement shortly before it expires but these are not made public, contrary to the recommendations of ADE’s evaluation[33].  The Commission was requested to grant access to the Mozambique ex-post evaluation for this study, but this was refused.

 

 

 

Table 11 – Summary of Principle Costs and Benefits

 

Mozambique Costs

2004-6

2007-11

Comment

MCS

Increased direct costs

Increased direct costs

 

Impact on national fisheries

Very limited

Very limited

EC fleet fishes resources unused by national fleets, beyond area of interaction with artisanal fishers

 

Mozambique Benefits

 

 

 

Compensation

€4.10m/yr

€0.90m/yr

Varies with declared  catch, negatively influenced by under declaration

License Fees

€0.13m/yr

€0.43m/yr[34]

Negatively influenced by under declaration of catches, more so under 2007-11 FPA

Employment

None

None

Protocol tries to guarantee employment, not practicable at present

Other Value Added

None

None

 

 

 

 

 

EC Costs

 

 

 

Compensation

€4.1m/yr

€0.90m/yr

Paid to MoF by European Commission

License Fees

€0.13m/yr

€0.43m/yr

Paid to MoF by vessel owners

 

EC Benefits

 

 

 

Projected Fish supply (t)

Projected Fish supply value (€)

9,500t/yr

Est €11m/yr

10,000t/yr

Est €9.7m/yr

On basis of reference catch

Actual Fish supply (t)

Actual Fish supply value (€)

Av 4,700t/yr

Est €4.2m/yr

Unknown (no declarations to date)

Declared data from EC fleet. Unverified by GoM

Employment

280 FTE

390 FTE

On basis of reference catch

Value Added

€3.3m/yr

€4.6m/yr

On basis of reference catch

 

 

 

 

 

Table 12 – Detailed Costs and Benefits

 

2004-6

2007-11

Mozambique Costs

 

 

Negotiation and execution costs

Partly covered by targeted actions

Now an overhead, supported by national budget

Increased MCS Costs

Difficult to quantify, but direct increment not high as there were no inspections of EC vessels.  There may however be direct VMS related costs

Likely to be the same

Impacts on other Fisheries

Some increase in competition within the tuna fishery, though most vessels licensed outside of the EC FA are longliners, whilst most reported fishing effort under the FA is from Seiners.  The two fish very different áreas.

No competition with National Tuna fleet (non-existent)

No deployment of deepwater shrimp vessels, therefore no impact on national deepwater shrimp fleet

No direct impact on artisanal fisheries as tuna vessels should have been operating well outside the range of artisanal vessels.  Artisanal fisheries also do not target the same stocks as the tuna fleet

No catch was landed locally, thus there were not impacts on national markets

Less competition as more EC vessels have been brought into the FPA who were already fishing in Mozambican waters.

No deepwater shrimp opportunities, therefore no impact on national fisheries

As before, no impact on national artisanal fisheries providing there is adherence to stipulated fishing zones.

Increased Illegal Activity

Possible.  Deficient catch reporting is an IUU infraction.  The lack of entry/exit and VMS information implies that illegal activity could have happened. Most likely infractions: un/under reporting of catch, non-adherence to fishing zones, transhipment without notification

Catch reporting should improve, but the lack of VMS continues to be an issue

 

 

 

Mozambique Benefits

 

 

Compensation

At least 4.1m€ per year

0.9m€/yr at reference catch levels

Targeted Actions

As part of the above:

            1.5m€ MCS

            1.0m€ Instructional development

            1.0m€ Research

            0.4m€ Training

            0.1m€ Quality control

            0.06m€ Joint Committee & International Meetings

Application almost all base compensation directed via the protocol.  Inflexible and not always in keeping with current priorities. Hampered by delayed disbursements.

Although not conformed by the MoF, it is reported[35] that funds have been reserved for the purchase of new MCS vessels and for the construction of a new building for the Ministry, with any balance being allocated to training – a significant variation on the allocation of funds under targeted actions foreseen in the protocol.

As part of the above:

            0.25m€ Policy implementation support

More general support, following plan approved by the Joint Committee

License Fees

0.13m€ or more per year

Influenced by non or under declaration of catches

About 0.43m€ per year at reference catch levels

Even more influenced by non or under declaration of catches

Employment

None

Likely to be none

Added Value

Very small

There is no added value related to the processing of product as catch is not landed in Mozambique. The protocol  obliges EC vessel owners to have local licensing agent who would have received commissions.

Further reduced

There is still no added value from processing / marketing and the protocol now permits, but does not oblige, owners to have a local agent.

Total rent

47%-240% of value of declared

Extremely beneficial for Mozambique in the context of declared catches, but raises doubts on the fidelity of declared catch data

14% of catch value at reference  catch levels

Reasonable. The % increases if fleet fails to make reference catch

 

 

 

EC Costs

 

 

Agreement Administration

Unknown but real

Unknown but real

Compensation

At least 4.1m€ per year

0.9m€ at reference catch levels

Targeted Actions

4.1m€ per year (as part of compensation)

0.25m€ (as part of compensation)

 

 

 

EC Benefits

 

 

Fish Supply

11,000-2,000t/yr

10,000t/yr at reference catch levels

Employment[36]

280

390

Value Added36

3.3m€ (excl processing industry)

 

4.6m€

Note the difference in scale of total benefits between Mozambique and the EC under the 2007 agreement, and the implications for corresponding interests in its maintenance.

 

 

 

EC Owner Costs

 

 

License fee

0.13m€ or more per year

About 0.43m€ per year at reference catch levels

Observers

0 (none were placed onboard)

Unknown

 

 

 

EC Owner Benefits

 

 

Reduced licence fees

If tuna vessels had been fishing outside of the agreement a license would have cost 16,000€/vessel, total 0.78m€/yr for the fleet.  This could have been reduced to 0.45m€ through the use of local agents.  The agreement thus represents a subsidy of up to 0.65m€/yr to the EC fleet (about 13,000€/vessel/yr).

In the (unutilised) deepwater shrimp sector, a license outside of the agreement would have cost around 89€/t plus 30€/t for the permitted by-catch, compared to 600€/t under the agreement. The agreement thus represented an additional cost per vessel of about 48,000€/yr.  Under the agreement vessels were afforded levels of by-catch of 54% above the shrimp quota, considerably more than the norm of 10%(max)

If tuna vessels fish outside of the agreement a license will cost 14,000€/vessel, total 1.25m€/yr for the fleet.  This could be reduced to 0.68m€ through the use of local agents.  The agreement thus represents a subsidy of up to 0.82m€/yr to the EC fleet (about 9,000€/vessel/yr).

 

 

 

 

Contribution to Sustainable Fishing

 

 

MCS

+ 1.5m€/yr was allocated to MCS via targeted actions.  No information is available as to how this was actually spent.

– The non-functioning of VMS will have contributed negatively to MCS

+ But only through policy implementation support (0.25m€/yr total)

? The use of only IOTC appointed observers implies that the Agreement has excluded on-board compliance observation

Research

+ 1m€/yr was allocated to research via targeted actions. No information is available as to how this was actually spent.

+ But only through policy implementation support (0.25m€/yr total)

Management

– Deficient catch and entry/exit reporting will have contributed negatively to the promotion of sustainable fishing practices

– The non-functioning of VMS will have contributed negatively to management, possibly allowing negative interactions with other fisheries.

– The failure to deploy onboard observers will have had negative compliance and management consequences and made way for economic losses to Mozambique through the under declaration of catches.

+ But only through policy implementation support (0.25m€/yr total)

+ Exclusivity clause will minimise the number of non IOTC authorised vessels that can be licensed.

+ Proposed Council legislation[37] will put more pressure on non-reporting vessels

       

 

 

 

Joint enterprises

Both the 2004 and 2007 protocols make reference to the establishment of joint enterprises, being “a commercial company set up in Mozambique by vessel owners or national enterprises from the Parties to carry on fishing or related activities”.  Such enterprises imply the transfer of vessels from the EC fleet to the national fleet. 

From the Commission’s perspective joint enterprises are attractive as they would reduce fishing capacity and be seen as part of a genuine economic partnership with the third country in question.  From Mozambique’s perspective they may be attractive as JEs would bring investment and would create more job opportunities and value added than European enterprises fishing under an agreement.

On the negative side, the establishment of a JE would imply total exposure of the EC vessel owner to the national regulatory framework, including conditional access to the European market dependant upon Mozambique’s current status on the lists of DG SANCO, and resource monitoring obligations.  The latter, specifically the requirement to report VMS data directly to the Ministry was cited as one of the causes of the collapse of the Angolan fisheries agreement as it is contrary to EC policy[38].  In addition, the employment of foreigners would be subject to national regulations, and financial operations would be more difficult (increased license and fuel costs, tax burden etc). JEs have in the past brought with them old and inefficient technologies that can become an economic burden rather than a benefit.

Although the agreement sets out that the two parties will work towards the facilitation of joint enterprises, it is not clear exactly how this integrates with the fisheries agreement itself.  Should an owner set up a JE in Mozambique, it would no longer be able to fish under the benefits of the agreement, and would therefore lose the benefit of implicit subsidies and market access.

The establishment of JEs in the tuna sector is considered highly unlikely.  Not only is the fleet is highly mobile, but it also spends a relatively small part of the season in Mozambican waters.  Mozambique can offer very limited facilities in terms of marketing, maintenance and bunkering and there is no obvious reason why it might be in the interests of an EC owner to set up a tuna JE in Mozambique. 

Although no joint enterprises were established under the 2004 agreement, it is worth noting that the presence of Pescamar in Mozambique and the establishment of the joint venture between the Mozambique and Pescanova was a result of the 1987 fisheries agreement[39] and a previous bilateral agreement with Spain.

 

Impacts on other National Fisheries

Both the 2004/6 and 2007/11 agreements are considered to have had no significant direct impacts on national fisheries, either in the industrial or artisanal sectors.  In the 2004/6 there could potentially have been some competition with national operators in the deep water shrimp fishery, but no vessels were deployed into this fishery under the FA, and there was therefore no negative impacts.  Tuna seiners and longliners deployed under both agreements should have no impact on national fisheries as their principle fishing grounds are outside the fishing grounds exploited by national artisanal and industrial fleets.  However the lack of VMS information means that it is not possible to verify whether EC vessels actually kept to the fishing grounds set out in the protocol[40].

 

5.    Compensation Mechanisms

This section discusses the nature of compensation payments and proposes measures that might improve effectiveness.

Objective

Compensation payments are perceived to serve three distinct objectives, namely:

  • Payment for access;
  • Support for resource management and sustainable fishing, and
  • Contribution to social and economic development.

In the absence of a fisheries agreement, fishery managers would generally aim to recover the access fees  and resource management costs via license fees charged to vessel owners.  Financing for social and economic development objectives might come from central funds or donor support.

Total payments due under an agreement take three separate forms, not necessarily related to the objectives outlined above:

  • Compensation, calculated as a function of the expected value of finishing opportunities
  • Support for targeted actions (either in addition to or as part of Compensation)
  • License fees

The compensation is normally a direct payment by the EC to the third country as a general fiscal receipt. Under many agreements the EC did not seek detailed accounts as to how this money was applied, but tried to ensure that it was on-budget. The support allocated for targeted actions is made against specific objectives set out in the protocol which may cover both management and development related issues.  Payment for targeted actions is normally made by the EC to accounts under the control of the Ministry of Fisheries, each disbursement being conditional on adequate reporting on the spending of the previous disbursement.  License fees are paid by the vessel owners, usually in advance and at a rate lower than that paid by owners operating in the same sector outside of a fisheries agreement.  Licenses form part of general sectoral fiscal receipts and the agreement does not seek to control how the revenue is applied.

From the 1980s, Fisheries Agreements evolved to allocate progressively more of the compensation against targeted actions, in response to pressure from parties including the European Parliament which sought to strengthen links between agreements and both sustainable fishing, and development agendas.  In spite of the change of dogma from FA to FPA, such pressure is still very much in evidence today[41]. The 2004 agreement with Mozambique is typical of the final form of Fisheries Agreements, and all of the compensation was indicated against targeted actions. The 2007 Fisheries Partnership Agreement returned to allocating most of the EC payment to Compensation, and defining a smaller part to general policy support, rather than detailed actions.  The agreement is also clear that the part of the compensation payment which is not destined for policy support is an access payment.

The  inclusion of conditionality (such as targeted actions) in the fisheries agreements has both positive and negative outcomes:

ü     It allows the Ministry to retain control of part of the total payments, rather than surrender all into central revenues and await disbursement.

ü     It should increase the likelihood of an agreement contributing to specific ends, as per the details of the targeted actions set out in the protocol.

  • Targeted actions become a way of “making commercial agreements contribute to [the EC’s] development objectives”[42]. This appears to have little justification especially in the light of the fact that similar rents would have accrued to the sector if vessels had fished under private agreements and these  would have been at the entire disposal of the government of the third country, without conditionality.

û   The fact that payments are made into accounts controlled by the Ministry rather than into central funds increases the possibility that they become off-budget

û   The existence of targeted actions overrides national planning and budgeting processes.

û    There are signs that in practise targeted actions seldom actually result in objectives set out in the protocol, and the 2004 FA with Mozambique is a good example.  As indicated in Table 12 above, the final application of the revenue for targeted actions is very different from that set out in the protocol.  As the Commission’s review of the relationship between country programmes and FAs pointed out “Targeted compensations dedicated to natural resource management or fisheries development at the request of the EC are less likely to fit in with government priorities”[43]

Fundamental to the issue of compensation and the details of form or delivery is the question of the objective of Fisheries Agreements.  Should they be treated purely as a trade deal, and revenues be made available in the same way as any other commercial contract (such as the private sale of licenses outside of a FA)?  Or should agreements be viewed as a means of delivering mixed “trade plus aid” benefits?  The fact that FAs ventured to support specific objectives in the sector implies some lack of confidence that the government would, in the absence of targeting, allocate resources to promote the basic objectives of sustainable fishing and responsible resource management.  So should the Commission take responsibility for national resource management?  The answer is clearly no, and in this context the presence of targeted actions in FAs can be seen as a challenge to national governance.

The agreed structure of the 2007 FPAs is somewhat improved with only compensation (specifically in payment for access) plus general support for policy execution remaining, and no reference to either detailed targeted actions or development related initiatives.  The Commission however will still have some influence as to how the monies allocated to policy execution are spent as this must be done against a plan approved by the Joint Committee. The Council to the European Parliament, which recently obliged the Commission to report on the impacts and whether “the compensation paid by the EU… does in fact promote the sustainable use of fishery resources in Mozambique[44] clearly see that this is how the money should be used.  The same Council proposal also sets out a conflicting objective for the same money:

 “The European Community’s financial contribution should be used for the development of coastal populations living on fisheries and the creation of small industrial fish freezing and processing enterprises at local level

This is an alarming return to the rhetoric of targeted actions and Fisheries Agreements, and more alarming still as such a change appears not to have been negotiated with the Government of Mozambique.  More than anything else it hints at the existence of very divergent opinions in Europe as to the basic function of compensation.

 

Effectiveness

The Cotonou agreement requires that there is compatibility between fisheries agreements and development aid, but this does not necessarily mean that an agreement should take the role of or substitute aid delivered via the indicative country programme.  Should an aim of the EC be to support development initiatives via an agreement certain steps can be taken to make this a more likely outcome:

  • Ensure that the compensation is delivered in a way which results in it being clearly on-budget.  Monies will therefore be subject to normal levels of accountability and by default will be integrated into national sectoral programmes and policy.
  • Ensure that an adequate sectoral policy exists.  Support for the development of this (if necessary) should be part of the Indicative Country Programme.  In the case of Mozambique key documents exit (Masterplan 1994, Sector Development Plan 2002-6, Five year government programme 2005-9 and the Plan for the reduction of absolute poverty 2006-9) but both the MasterPlan and the Sector Development Plan require updating.

In principle, if policy reflects priorities such as the promotion of responsible fishing and the reduction of poverty (which is the case in Mozambique) then providing compensation is on-budget it should inevitably be used for this end.  There is a certain dilemma in that if compensation is paid directly to the Ministry, there is a higher possibility that it will be off-budget but an equally higher possibility that it will be retained within the sector.

Fair rent?

Levels of compensation under the FA and the FPA are considered to be reasonable, and minimum total economic rents of 11% (2004 FA) and 12% (2207 FPA) are acceptable especially as the structure of the agreement is such that at below reference catches the rent remains fixed and therefore higher relative to actual catch values (see Figure 3).

The rate of compensation for both seiners and longliners in the tuna sector is considered to be an area where the basis of compensation could be improved.  The value of the catches of the two sectors differs radically with that of seiners fetching approximately 880€/t[45], whilst longliners achieve 2,800€/t[46].  Overall rents of approximately100€/t (Compensation plus License Fee) is reasonable for Seiners (11%), but very low for Longliners (4%).  If the same rate of rent were applied, together with the current 65/35 sharing between compensation and licenses, longliners should pay 318€/t total, being 207€/t in compensation plus 111€/t in license fees.  Current overall rents from the FA are only reasonable because, as referred above, there are no declared catches from the long line sector.

From the owners perspective it could be argued that it is necessary to maintain low advance payments in the long line sector as vessels need to retain a large annual portfolio off licenses in order to be certain that annual fishing operations will not be interrupted, no matter where good fishing is to be found.  It would be better to increase the rates of payment for the longliner sector to those indicated above but decrease the level of the reference catch / advance tonnage for these vessels such that there is no change in license and compensation at reference levels.  At least in this way, reference compensation would be the same but should there be catch from this segment of the fleet, Mozambique would gain a more just rent.

A revised scenario might be similar that that set out in Table 13.

Table 13 – Scenario for differential tuna compensation

 

 

Note that the base costs of licenses for longliners remains constant compared to the 2007 FPA, but the basis catch weight is lowered to 32 and 15 tonnes respectively for large and small longliners. The rate of incremental compensation for the long line segment is raised to 320€/t and incremental license fees raised to 110€/t.  The reference catch has been divided between the longliners and seiners, which together with differential levels of compensation for the two segments, implies a rise in base compensation from 650,000€ to 905,000€ per year.  Under this scenario Mozambique would earn rents of at least 11% from both fleet segments.

A disadvantage of such a change would be that it would considerably increase the incentive for longliners to under or not declare catches, and it would therefore have to be accompanied by improved independent catch verification.

 

Alternatives to financial compensation

There are few viable alternatives to financial compensation, and the principles set out under the current 2007 FPA are considered to be favourable.  The Ministry has indicated that it is beneficial to be able to control the application of revenues via targeted action and thus it might be desirable, from their perspective, to increase the percentage allocated to policy support.  A primary concern however would be the retention of these value on-budget. 

Apart from financial compensation, other options include :

  • Reciprocal Access

The Northern European Fishing Agreements (with Norway, Iceland and Faeroe Islands) are compensated in the form of reciprocal access to EC resources.  This type of compensation is not considered relevant as Mozambique has no specific interest in making EC fish resources available for national consumption, nor is there any national fleet that could fish European resources.

  • Programme Aid

It would, in principle, to be possible to remove any form of compensation from the agreement and replace it with increased programme aid under the EC’s indicative country programme.  Although this could result in greater impacts on poverty alleviation, this would detract from any sectoral based cost recovery objectives and reduce the possibility that monies would be available for fisheries policy implementation.  

 

 

 

6.    Negotiating Capacity

In principle there is a very great difference in capacity of the two teams that sit down to negotiate a fisheries agreement.  On the European side, the team will be composed of officials whose work focuses on fisheries agreements, including both technical and legal aspects.  They will bring with them an immense amount of specialised experience, covering not only Mozambique but also all other agreements in the region.  On the Mozambican side the team was lead by the Permanent Secretary and composed of senior officials from the Ministry of Fisheries, who will sit down to negotiate an agreement only very rarely (see Figure 2, depicting the timescale of EC fisheries agreements with Mozambique).

The principle technical resource available to the EC negotiators was the Ex-post Evaluation of the 2004-6 FA, which under normal circumstances is not made available to either the third country or the public at large.  The evaluation will normally include a sectoral analysis, a review of the costs & benefits of the outgoing agreement and projections of costs & benefits on the basis of various scenarios for a new agreement.  The Ministry reported however that they managed to obtain access to the document, but it is unknown whether this was a complete version.  Whatever the case it will have helped their negotiating position for the 2007 agreement.

The actual negotiation of the 2007 FPA was reported to have been very difficult, with several rounds of meetings without agreement.  Major issues were:

  • Low levels of financial contribution relative t the previous agreement
  • No guarantee of jobs for Mozambican seamen
  • Lack of reference to other regional management bodies apart from IOTC, such as SWIOFC and SADC
  • A dispute with France over EEZs, resulting in the agreement refereeing to Fishing Zone rather than EEZ.

During the final phase of negotiations the Ministry of Fisheries did not reach agreement with the EC,  the final issue being the amount of financial compensation. In the end it was decided at the level of the Council of Ministers that the agreement should be signed as it was, “taking into account the wider vision of partnership between Mozambique and the EC”[47]

What is clear is that Mozambique was well aware that the European Community had a much greater interest in the 2007 agreement than Mozambique, as is illustrated by the differential benefits outlined in TablesTable 11 and Table 12, even though they may not have been aware of the scale of potential EC benefits.  The negotiating team maintained its position as far as they were politically permitted.  The resulting agreement has similar rates of total benefit (100€/t) as Comoros, Madagascar and Seychelles.

The generally competitive atmosphere surrounding negotiations really does bring into question the concept of an agreement based on partnership.  If both parties were serious about partnership they would at least share the available information and projections, and come to a mutual agreement on this basis.  The fact that the Commission does not reveal key analytical documents not only raises questions as to whether the full story is being put on the table but also fosters doubts in Mozambique as to whether they have opted for a scenario that is truly pareto-optimal.

 

 

 

7.    Participation & Partnership Options

The nature of agreements and the technical and legal level of negotiations makes for very few opportunities to increase the participation of civil society in the process.  As indicated above the EC strengthens its negotiating position by keeping baseline information out of the public domain.  If Mozambique were to take a position in negotiations based on a public process it is very likely that, under present circumstances,  it would weaken its own position and come away with a less favourable outcome.

There may however be some scope for public participation in the evaluation of an outgoing agreement, and it could be seen that this should in fact be done as part of the governments accountability to civil society.  This could take the form of either public consultations analysing any impacts of activities carried out under the outgoing agreement on stakeholders or more focussed meetings with representative bodies such as fisher associations or co-management groups.  Towards the end of the 2004-6 agreement the Ministry did not conduct a wide reaching internal evaluation, and did not consult representative groups on the issue. 

There are civil society organisations, such as WWF, with representations in Mozambique who have access to a considerable amount of international information and experience related to issues surrounding fisheries agreements and, if the appropriate opportunity were to be created, they could make positive contributions to a preparatory process prior to new negotiations.  It was not possible to confirm whether the Ministry would consider taking such a step, and the way ahead might be to organise the meeting unilaterally but take care to ensure that there is participation from the Ministry.  Note that WWF have sponsored a similar meeting[48] with a regional dimension, held in Dar es Salaam in 2005 under the East African Marine Ecoregion Project and Mozambique participated.

 

There are several changes that could be effected that would improve the partnership dimension of the current FPA:

  • The Commission should make ex-post and ex-ante evaluations publicly available.  This may only be possible though direct lobbying in Brussels.
  • The recent move by the Council to introduce a clause obliging the Commission to take action against vessels which do not report catches is very welcome, but this should be extended to cover VMS and Entry/Exit related infractions;
  • The recent move by the Council to dictate how compensation should be spent is against the partnership principles set out in the agreement and should be withdrawn;
  • The distribution of benefits between the two parties would be more fair if differential rates for seiners and longliners were introduced, along the lines of those set out in Table 13;

 

 

 

8.    Policy and Strategy options

The key policy and strategy options that could improve the execution and net benefits from the  fisheries agreement with the European Community are considered to be as follows:

 

  • Preparation

Towards the end of the current agreement it would be advantageous to make a thorough evaluation of the execution and impacts of the 2007-11 agreement and protocol. This should include civil society consultations with associations and other relevant focus groups and even create a forum whereby international organisations such as WWF might be able to participate.  The danger that public consultation may weaken Mozambique’s negotiating position should be acknowledged.

 

  • Negotiations

It is clear that the Ministry has adopted a strong stance during 2006 negotiations for the 2007 agreement, made stronger by the knowledge of greatly differing interests in the FPA between Mozambique and the EC.  It may however still have been possible to have achieved a marginally better position, especially considering the difference in information and experience available to two parties.  In the past the World Bank has supported technical assistance to third countries specifically to help in FA negotiations and if available this sort of assistance could be beneficial to Mozambique.

 

  • Regional cooperation

At some stage there may be benefit in trying to develop a regional stance in the definition and negotiation of fisheries agreement conditions.  A representative regional body could present a stronger negotiating position to the EC than individual countries.  It would be worth investigating such possibilities via SADC and / or the SWIOFC .

 

  • Agreement conditions

Some agreement conditions could be improved in order to improve net benefits and to minimise the likelihood of unsustainable fishing practises. These include:

Entry / Exit Inspection:  In the absence of on-board observers Entry and Exit Inspection is the only way to cross check the accuracy of catch declarations.  Although inconvenient for ship owners, entry and exit inspections should be made mandatory through an appropriate clause in the protocol.  In the case of seiners, it would be most convenient if capacity to carry out such inspections could be installed in Pemba.

Differential treatment of longliners and seiners:  As discussed above fairer rents would be obtained from the agreement if there were differential treatment longliners and seiners, reflecting the differing catch values. However the increased incentive to under declare catches (especially in the longline segment) implies that such a change could only be effective if it were founded on a system which enable Mozambique to independently verify catches.  This would include adequate surveillance, observation and inspection.

Observers: The 2007 agreement only makes allowance for IOTC appointed observers who will probably be biological rather than compliance focussed.  It is considered that the agreement should make provisions for the boarding of Mozambican compliance observers, something which would be greatly facilitated by Entry/Exit inspections.

 

  • Infractions

The Ministry has so far failed to act against catch reporting infringements.  Under the terms of the protocol vessels failing to report could be have their licenses suspended.  It is considered that the Ministry should take a stronger position against this infraction not only to support sustainable resource management but also to ensure that correct compensation and license fees are being paid.

 

  • VMS

The complete commissioning of the VMS system is already a priority in the Ministry, but after more than two years, the system is still not working adequately.  The Ministry should be encouraged to continue with efforts to get the system fully operational, and it should be noted that this may have direct impacts revenues (as a basis for verification of catch declarations) as well as interactions with other fisheries.

 

  • Management

Mozambique has a very limited remit in the management of highly migratory stocks, and within the Western Indian Ocean this is charged to the IOTC – an organisation of which Mozambique is not a member.   It would be in the interests of the promotion of sustainable fishing if Mozambique could be encouraged to become at least a cooperating party.  Should this happen Mozambique would then be obliged to submit catch data and comply with effort management and counter-IUU measures.

 

 

 

9.    Bibliography

 

A Bioeconomic Analysis Of The Ghanaian Tuna Fishery (1980 – 2000). Mabel Borteley Bortier-Verstraaten Norwegian College Of Fishery Science 2002

A Handbook for Negotiating Fishing Access Agreements. WWF 2001

ACP-EU Economic Partnership Agreements – Fisheries. CFFA/CTA. European Centre for Development Policy and Management 2005

An Examination of Fisheries Relations between the  European Union and ACP Countries. Béatrice Gorez and Brian O’Riordan. COMSEC / CTA 2003

Bycatch in the tuna purse-seine fisheries of the Western Indian Ocean. Romanov E. Southern Scientific Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography (YugNIRO). Crimea Ukraine. Fish. Bull. 100(1): 90–105 (2002).

Case of West Africa (ECDPM Working Paper No. 52). European Centre for Development Policy and Management 1997

Coherence Between EU Fisheries Agreements and EU Development Cooperation: The

Coherence in ACP fisheries and EU market access: Report of Expert Meeting . EU Coherence. 2007

Comparative Study Of The  Impact Of Fisheries Partnership Agreements Executive Report. MRAG 2007

Comparative Study Of The Impact Of Fisheries Partnership Agreements  Technical Report. MRAG 2007

Economic Performance Of Selected European Fishing Fleets Annual Report 2004

Economic Performance Of Selected European Fishing Fleets Annual Report 2005

EPAs and Fisheries Negotiations,.  Southern and Eastern African Trade, Information and Negotiations Institute. SEATINI Bulletin 2006

EU Fisheries Subsidies. Significance for Development Countries. CFFA 2005

European Distant Water Fishing Fleet: Principles and data. DG Fisheries, European Commission 2001

Evaluation Of The Fisheries Agreements Concluded By The European Community. IFREMER 1999

Evaluation of the Relationship between  Country Programmes and  Fisheries Agreements. ADE 2002

Experiences With Subsidies And Fisheries Management: The Case Of Eu-Acp Fisheries Access Agreements. B. Gorez. CFFA. nd

Fair Fishing Deals, June 2005.  WWF.

Fisheries Access Agreements: Trade and Development Issues, ICTSD Natural Resources, International Trade and Sustainable Development Series Issue Paper No. 2, International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, Geneva, Switzerland. 2006

Fisheries Agreements with Third Countries – is the EU moving towards Sustainable Development?  N Sporrong et al for WWF European Fisheries Campaign. 2002

Fisheries Partnership Agreements – Rebranding or a real step towards sustainability?  WWF Demark 2003

On-Going Research Activities On Trophic Ecology Of Tuna In Equatorial Ecosystems Of Indian Ocean. Potier e al. IOTC Proc 5 2002

Profile of the Fisheries Sector in Mozambique: with emphasis on tuna fisheries. Lichucha et al. IOTC 2003

Proposal for a Council Regulation on the conclusion of the Fisheries (Partnership) Agreement between the European Community and the Republic of Mozambique for 1987, 1990, 1992, 2003, 2006

Report of the Third Special Session  of the  Indian Ocean Tuna Commission. IOTC 2006

Report on the proposal for a Council regulation on the conclusion of the Fisheries Partnership Agreement between the European Community and the Republic of Mozambique (COM(2007)0472–C6 0284/2007 –2007/0170(CNS)). European Parliament 2007

SADC’S EPA Position On Fisheries. NFDS 2006

Seafood Price Indices SNF Working Paper 58/05. Institute for Research in Economics and Business Administration 2005

Subsidies To The European Union Fisheries Sector. Institute for European Environmental Policy 2002

Summary report of the contributions to the ACP E consultation on IUU fishing issues. CTA/CFFA 2005

Sustainability Impact Assessment (SIA) of the EU-ACP Economic Partnership Agreements – Phase Three* Rules of Origin in the Southern African  Development Community Group  2006

The Economics of Fisheries Access Agreements: Perspectives on the EU-Senegal Case. Johnstone N. DP 96-02  IIED 1996

The European Tuna Sector. Economic Situation, Prospects and Analysis. Megapesca 2005

The plunder of bluefin tuna in the Mediterranean and East Atlantic  in 2004 and 2005. WWF 2006

The Promotion of Sustainable and Equitable Fisheries Access Agreements in the Western Indian Ocean  Region. WWF EAME 2005

Towards Sustainable and Equitable Fisheries Access Agreements in the Western Indian Ocean Region. East African Marine Ecoregion / WWF 2005

Tuna longline catch rates in the Indian Ocean. Polacheck. Journal of Marine Policy. 2005

Western Tuna and Billfish Fishery Joint Mac And Sag Workshop. Fremantle 2004

 

 

Annex 1 Detailed Tables

 Table 14 – EC Agreements currently in force

Country

Duration of protocol

Type

EC contribution per year

Earmarked for support of sectoral fisheries policy (FPA) / targeted actions (FA)

Cape-Verde

5 years

(30.3.2007-29.3.2012)

Tuna FPA

385 000 €

80 %

Comoros

6 years

(1.1.2005-31.12.2010)

Tuna FPA

390 000 €

60 %

Côte d’Ivoire

6 years

(1.7.2007—30.6.2013)

Tuna FPA

595 000 €

100 %

Gabon

6 years

(3.12.2005-2.12.2011)

Tuna FPA

860 000 €

60 %

Greenland

6 years

(01.01.2007 – 31.12.2012)

FPA

15 847 244 €

3 261 449 €

Guinea

5 years

(1.1.2004-31.12.2008)

Mixed FA

3 400 000 €

1 400 000 €

targeted actions

Guinea- Bissau

4 years

(16.6.2007—15.6.2011)

Mixed FPA

7 000 000 €

35 %

Kiribati

6 years

(16.9.2006 – 15.9.2012)

Tuna FPA

478 400 €

30 % to be increased to 40 % the first year, later to 60 %

Madagascar

6 years

(1.1.2007 – 31.12.2012)

Tuna FPA

1 197 000 €

80 %

Mauritania

2 years renewable

(1.8.2006 -31.7.2008)

Mixed FPA

86 000 000 €

11 000 000 €

Mauritius

4 years

 (3.12.2003—2.12.2007)

Tuna FA

487 500 €

195 000 €

targeted actions

Micronesia

3 years

(26.2.2007 –25.2.2010)

Tuna FPA

559 000 €

18 %

Morocco

4 years

(28.2.2007-27.2.2011)

Mixed FPA

36 100 000 €

13 500 000 €

Mozambique

5 years

 (1.1.2007 – 31.12.2011)

Tuna FPA

990 000 €

100 %

São Tomé and Principe

4 years

(1.6.2006 – 31.5.2010)

Tuna FPA

663 000 €

50 %

Seychelles

6 years

(18.1.2005 – 17.1.2011)

Tuna FPA

1 425 000 €.

from 2008: 5 355 000 €

36 %

Solomon Islands

3 years

(26.02.2007 –25.02.2010)

Tuna FPA

400 000 €

30 %

 

No protocol currently in force in Angola, Gambia, Equatorial Guinea and Senegal

The following countries have fisheries agreements based on an exchange of access to resources, rather than financial compensation:

Country

Period

Faeroe Islands

2.2.2006-1.2.2012

Iceland

15.12.2003-14.12.2009

Norway

2003-2009

 

Figure 4 – Designated fishing area (2007/11)

 

Source for EEZ data:  Flanders Marine Institute, VLIZ Maritime Boundaries Geodatabase. http://www.vliz.be/vmdcdata/marbound/

 

The above figure shows the deepwater limit of fishing areas (black line) defined in the 2007/11 protocol set against the Mozambican EEZ.  The coastal limit is defined as 12nm from the costal baseline (not illustrated).  The coordinates used in the protocol appear to permit fishing under the Mozambican FPA in parts of French EEZs of Bassas da India (c,b)and Juan de Nova, at the same time prohibiting fishing in a substantial areas of Mozambique’s EEZ between these two and between the EEZs of Juan de Nova and the Comoros EEZ (a).

Annex 2 – Terms of Reference

 

 Project Objectives

To examine the existing legal and practical parameters of mandates of each part, identify institutional competences

To give an overview of the overall policy sectorial context that pertains to EU engagement in fisheries.

To examine the social, economic and geopolitics interest of the EU and Mozambique

To expose few EU member states which have a huge dependency on exploiting Mozambican marine resource at the environmental expenses

To expose the subsidies practices linkages with transitions to sustainable fisheries and responsible fishing practices

Reposes the control of the natural resources and the trade dialogue

To improve the understanding of the linkages between marine resources in the coastal waters and deep waters

To contribute for basis to compensate the loses of the folk fisherman caused by the deep sea catches by the EU large vessels

To contribute to secure folk fisherman’s and other stakeholders food security, employment and livelihood

To facilitate the interactions between the negotiators and the folk fisherman in order to create a path for sustainable fishery agreements

To facilitate the engagement of the fisherman organizations in EU and ACP relations and EPAs negotiations

 

Expected deliverables

Economic justice Coalition will deliver the following:

Establish a Reference Group (RG). EJC will select national organisations and/or individuals to act as a Reference group on the basis of established linkages with the trade unions, fisherman organizations and other relevant popular social movements that’ll will provide the popular participatory outreach of the project. Both government and the UE representatives will be invited to join the RG.

Convene and coordinate meetings/consultants with the Researchers and the reference group and keep OWA updated

Planning the implementation of national report back workshop as provided in the implementation plan and budget

Coordinate participation of the researcher team and the reference group in the consultations meetings

 

Researchers

The Economic Justice Coalition and the Reference group have the responsibility of identifying and contracting experienced researcher/academics to undertake the researcher component of the project

 

The paper

Will be 50-60 pages in length, single-spaced with a comprehensive bibliography

Will discuss the main national development issues pertaining to the topic using accepted theoretical paradigms an analytical analysis

Will be presented in a manner that will allow a general audience to grasp key issues and foster a sound discussion of possible alternative solutions to the problems and challenges raised

Will explore and suggest mechanism to enrich and develop the concept of creative Policy making at national level through alternative development strategies

The study will give a compare analyse of different fisheries agreements celebrated by the EU in three regions: north Europe, Mediterranean countries and the sub Saharan countries. In the last region, the sub-Saharan deep analyse 2 agreements compared with the current EU – Mozambican on its social, economic impacts.

The author will play a leading role during report back and RG and contribute to efforts to draw conclusions from each one.

Methodology

The project is not a defensive response fishery agreements but a broad initiative to root an alternative development paradigm within the achievements and lessons draw from earlier agreements and with other countries. Within this perspective we do not counter pose the state role but rather focus on defining appropriate role of all stakeholders in fighting against poverty.

At the same time EJC coalition would like to locate this project within civil society participation in Cotonou Agreement. In this sense it is more than a study and more than just a process of desk researcher but a project that combines desk research, with participatory research process.

The study is rigorous based on sound research, which combines it combines a national survey, with sectorial illustration that punctures the claims of trade liberalisations as well as responding to key issues and concerns in relation to development, the rights of people and their welfare.

The EJC intends by this work to set up a dialogue on the fishing sector, searching to raise joint contributions and build up an agenda of dialogue among the stakeholders, to share information and “network,” and in this way, to empower the policy-makers, activists and other actors of the civil society so that their participation is much more proactive.

The fishing sector has a potential to support the economic growth and the combat against poverty. The Mozambican government has been negotiating fishing agreements with the European Union (EU) and one of the challenges is related to the formulation of suitable negotiation positions and securing environment diversity, and also set up a legal framework to assure development based on the people’s needs.

Part of these challenges can make the policy and decision-makers, legislators, producers, and fishermen to be involved. The agreements´ provisions should be respected by the contracting parties, taking into account especially what the Cotonou Agreement prescribes on the participation of non-state actors in the relations between the ACP and the EU, which should be applied on that context.

Yet as part of challenges one should take into consideration the international trade regime run by the WTO, where the country should show a certain dynamism and rapidity at that level, but without colliding with the Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) and the SADC Protocol on trade or other regional arrangement, as well as the movements of offers and applications from countries involved in trade negotiations at those levels.

In order to make a study like this to be much more valued it should not disregard an analysis of technical barriers and trade effects as well as the SPS (sanitary and pithosanitary measures) both countrywide and the constraints they cause to Mozambican fishing exports.

In this way, one should consider the following chapters:

Fishing sector in the economy and its production and productivity capacity;

Genesis of the agreements;

Negotiation capacity between the parties;

Analysis of the agreements and their evolution;

The EU subsides to the fishing sector and its impact on the competition between local and European fleets;

Participation and partnership options;

New areas of research;

Political recommendations;

Within chapters one should also analyze the following points:

Check the link with national development plans;

Present the profile of the nature of agreements on the scope of other agreements that the EU celebrates with other countries;

The compensation: its nature, effects and alternatives to it;

Lifting of the agreement provisions fulfilment level between the contracting parties and its impact in the relations between them;

Tentative analysis and comparison of compensations in toto and the fleet activity revenues in Europe, including the contribution on the economy, employment, and primary services;

Consultations between the parties on the reason why the agreements were fulfilled or not fulfilled and what have they produced;

Analysis of the existing or non-existing conservation measures on the light of Biodiversity Convention;

Analyze the joint enterprises. Did they exist? What did they do? What is their value?

Analyze the Joint committee. Does it meet? What does it discuss? Which conclusions? What has changed from negative to positive and vice-versa?

Analyze the EU policies on fishing agreements;

Type of benefits Mozambique could search to celebrate:

–       Compensation

–       Reciprocal agreements (rights)

 

 


[1] NORAD: A Study of the Fisheries Sector in Mozambique. 2001

[3] ADE, Evaluation of the Relationship between Country Programmes and Fisheries Agreements, Final Report 2002

[4] www.eucoherence.org  “Fisheries Partnership Agreements: An empty shell for development?”

[5] CTA Agritrade: “ACP-EU fisheries relations: Executive Brief” 2007

[6] Idem

[7] MRAG: Comparative Study of the Impact of Fisheries Partnership Agreements, Technical Report. 2007

[8] Poundstone, W. (1992) Prisoner’s Dilemma Doubleday, NY NY.

[9] WWF: Fair fishing deals 2006

[10] WWF: Fair fishing deals 2006

[11] ADE, Evaluation of the Relationship between Country Programmes and Fisheries Agreements, Final Report 2002

[12] www.eucoherence.org  “Fisheries Partnership Agreements: An empty shell for development?”

[13] European Commission: European Distant Water Fishing Fleet, Principles & Data 2001

[14] ADE, Evaluation of the Relationship between Country Programmes and Fisheries Agreements, Final Report 2002

[15] Pro rata calculation. The protocol period was 1 year, 9 months.

[16] MRAG: Comparative Study of the Impact of Fisheries Partnership Agreements, Technical Report. 2007

[18] Unconfirmed data

[19] Report of the 8th session of the scientific committee of the IOTC. 2004

[20] MRAG: Comparative Study of the Impact of Fisheries Partnership Agreements, Technical Report. 2007

[21] Council Regulation (EC) Nº 2792/1999

[22] MRAG: Comparative Study of the Impact of Fisheries Partnership Agreements, Technical Report. 2007

[23] Including policy support

[24] Estimate based on full uptake of fishing opportunities. The protocol stipulates different fees for large and small longliners and the profile of the fleet has been estimated.

[25] Estimate, based on actual uptake

[26] Estimate based on unconfirmed declaration of catch (2,000t)

[28] CFFA: Summary report of the contributions to the ACP E-consultation on IUU fishing issues. CTA 2005

[29] Report on the proposal for a Council regulation on the conclusion of the Fisheries Partnership Agreement between the European Community and the Republic of Mozambique (COM(2007)0472–C6 0284/2007 –2007/0170(CNS)). 2007

[30] NORAD: A Study if the Fisheries Sector in Mozambique. 2001

[31] Ministerio das Pescas

[32] MRAG: Comparative Study of the Impact of Fisheries Partnership Agreements, Technical Report. 2007

[33] ADE, Evaluation of the Relationship between Country Programmes and Fisheries Agreements, Final Report 2002

[34] On basis of full uptake of fishing opportunities (which did not happen in 2007)

[35] MRAG: Comparative Study of the Impact of Fisheries Partnership Agreements, Technical Report. 2007

[36] Estimated on basis of global EC tuna sector indicators, taken from Megapesca: The European Tuna Sector Economic Situation, Prospects and Analysis of the Impact of Liberalisation of Trade. SC 12. 2005.  Note that these values do NOT include added value and employment benefits from the processing industry

[37] Report on the proposal for a Council regulation on the conclusion of the Fisheries Partnership Agreement between the European Community and the Republic of Mozambique (COM(2007)0472–C6 0284/2007 –2007/0170(CNS)). 2007

[38] MRAG: Comparative Study of the Impact of Fisheries Partnership Agreements, Technical Report. 2007

[39] Source: Ministry of Fisheries

[40] Beyond 12 miles and bounded by the coordinates set out in the protocol, illustrated in Figure 4, Annex 1

[41] Report on the proposal for a Council regulation on the conclusion of the Fisheries Partnership Agreement between the European Community and the Republic of Mozambique (COM(2007)0472–C6 0284/2007 –2007/0170(CNS)). 2007

[42] ADE, Evaluation of the Relationship between Country Programmes and Fisheries Agreements, Final Report 2002

[43] idem

[44] Report on the proposal for a Council regulation on the conclusion of the Fisheries Partnership Agreement between the European Community and the Republic of Mozambique (COM(2007)0472–C6 0284/2007 –2007/0170(CNS)). 2007

[45] Based on values in Megapesca: The European Tuna Sector Economic Situation, Prospects and Analysis of the Impact of Liberalisation of Trade. SC 12. 2005

[46] Economic Performance of Selected European Fishing Fleets, Annual Report 2005.

[47] MRAG: Comparative Study of the Impact of Fisheries Partnership Agreements, Technical Report. 2007

[48] WWF: The Promotion of Sustainable and Equitable Fisheries Access Agreements in the Western Indian Ocean Region. Dar es Salaam 2005